Countries: Canada
Variables: WAM-PRACTICE-1

"Manosphere content often glorifies dominating and dehumanizing women and amplifies gender-based violence" (5). "Those anxieties among young men and boys are then exploited by “the manosphere,” an online network of male influencers who promote narratives that blame women and feminism for men’s hardships, several witnesses told the committee" (10). "The MPs also noted the artificial intelligence chatbot Grok was used to create millions of non-consensual, sexualized images of women in January, an issue that was then investigated by the federal privacy commissioner (17).

Countries: Canada
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, DV-PRACTICE-1, DTCP-PRACTICE-1

"“We are seeing concerning expressions of hostility toward women alongside continued gaps in how our criminal justice system responds to and prevents violence against women"" (5).

Countries: Canada
Variables: DV-LAW-2

"“But not just arresting the individual. We have to make sure the individual goes through training to understand what they did is not right. It’s absolutely the only way to stop this. If we don’t educate them, then the cycle just continues"" (27).

Countries: Canada
Variables: GP-DATA-5

"The report from the House of Commons status of women committee comes after a months-long study on the effect of the largely online anti-feminism movement, which advocates for regressive roles for women in society and relationships and has been linked to multiple cases of real-world violence" (2).

Countries: Canada
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2

"Roberts said data on violence against women is “skewed” because many women are afraid to come forward" (25).

Countries: Canada
Variables: MURDER-LAW-1

"Another bill seeking to criminalize femicide and non-consensual pornographic deepfake images is making its way through Parliament" (19). "MPs on the committee said governments and law enforcement should do a better job of sharing knowledge and best practices on tackling gender-based violence, but they stopped short of calls by some witnesses for a framework to track femicides, coercive control and intimate partner violence" (24)

Countries: Canada
Variables: PRN-PRACTICE-1, WAM-DATA-1

"The MPs also noted the artificial intelligence chatbot Grok was used to create millions of non-consensual, sexualized images of women in January, an issue that was then investigated by the federal privacy commissioner" (17).

Countries: Canada
Variables: RISW-PRACTICE-2

"'Increasingly prominent” anti-feminist ideologies are leading to growing harms against women and girls in Canada, parliamentarians warn in a new report that urges more government action to combat extremism and the so-called “manosphere'" (1). "The report from the House of Commons status of women committee comes after a months-long study on the effect of the largely online anti-feminism movement, which advocates for regressive roles for women in society and relationships and has been linked to multiple cases of real-world violence" (2). "“We are seeing concerning expressions of hostility toward women alongside continued gaps in how our criminal justice system responds to and prevents violence against women”" (5). "Statistics Canada tracked...more

Countries: Canada
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-2

"Ipsos polling has shown opinions on feminism and gender equality have split between men and women as well as across generations, with young men more likely to say gender equality efforts have gone “far enough'" (22).

Countries: Canada
Variables: WAM-LAW-1

"Some of the committee’s legislative recommendations have already been addressed, with the government introducing its online harms bill last weekthat would hold social media platforms accountable for harmful content and protecting children" (18). "Another bill seeking to criminalize femicide and non-consensual pornographic deepfake images is making its way through Parliament" (19)

Countries: Canada
Variables: PRN-LAW-1

"Ottawa’s new bill is also taking aim at pornographic deepfakes. The section of the Criminal Code on sharing intimate images without consent would be expanded to include deepfakes made using artificial intelligence." (para 4) "“There are new sexual offences that have been established, including making good on the campaign commitment to criminalize the non-consensual distribution of intimate images, including specifically those created through the use of artificial intelligence,” Fraser [Justice Minister Sean Fraser] said." (para 5)

Countries: Canada
Variables: LRW-LAW-1

"“There’s a series of sexual offences that will see higher maximum penalties as a result of this legislation and, at the same time, we will be following the guidance of the Supreme Court of Canada to restore mandatory minimum penalties in a way that is constitutionally compliant,” he said." (para 8)

Countries: Canada
Variables: LRCM-LAW-3

"Incest is a serious sexual offence under Section 155 of the Criminal Code, classified as an indictable offence in Canada and recorded under UCR Code 1360. It involves sexual intercourse between close blood relatives such as a parent, child, sibling (including half-siblings), grandparent, or grandchild. The law is designed to prevent family-based sexual abuse, protect children and other vulnerable family members from exploitation, and uphold strong public policy against sexual relationships within the immediate family. Under the incest criminal code Canada framework, penalties can be extremely severe, especially where the other person is under 16 years old... This definition, set out in Section 155 of the Criminal Code, focuses on...more

Countries: Canada
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-2

"Because incest under Section 155 is an indictable offence with a maximum penalty of 14 years’ imprisonment, it is treated as a serious offence for record suspension (pardon) purposes" (para 13).

Countries: Canada
Variables: DV-PRACTICE-1, DV-LAW-1

“The law provided protections against domestic violence for both women and men, although most survivors were women and girls. Persons convicted of assault received up to five years in prison. Conviction of assault involving weapons, threats, or injuries carried prison terms of up to 10 years. Aggravated assault or endangerment of life carried prison sentences of up to 14 years. The government generally enforced the law effectively. Police received training in interacting with victims of sexual assault and domestic violence, and agencies provided hotlines to report abuse” (13)