Latest items for CONST-LAW-1
April 12, 2024, 5:41 p.m.
Countries: Malaysia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"'[P]arent' in the present constitution, for decades, has meant father" (para 4).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"'[P]arent' in the present constitution, for decades, has meant father" (para 4).
April 9, 2024, 9:31 p.m.
Countries: Cuba
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Public entities, the media and civil service officials have obligations and a commitment to the Constitution, which dedicated an entire article to gender-based violence. It is not a small matter; it occupies Cuban society in a transversal way; therefore, the issue does not escape the institutions" (para 20).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Public entities, the media and civil service officials have obligations and a commitment to the Constitution, which dedicated an entire article to gender-based violence. It is not a small matter; it occupies Cuban society in a transversal way; therefore, the issue does not escape the institutions" (para 20).
March 30, 2024, 2:46 p.m.
Countries: Lithuania
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[T]here is no legislation specifically prohibiting intersecting forms of discrimination against women and no definition of the legal concepts of gender and sex" (4).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[T]here is no legislation specifically prohibiting intersecting forms of discrimination against women and no definition of the legal concepts of gender and sex" (4).
Jan. 29, 2024, 5:50 p.m.
Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The definition of non-discrimination in article 2 of the Constitution fails to encompass all forms of discrimination against women" (3).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The definition of non-discrimination in article 2 of the Constitution fails to encompass all forms of discrimination against women" (3).
Jan. 19, 2024, 12:06 p.m.
Countries: Central African Rep
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"In the Central African Republic, there is no restriction or privilege connected with a person’s place of birth, identity or descent" (27).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"In the Central African Republic, there is no restriction or privilege connected with a person’s place of birth, identity or descent" (27).
Jan. 16, 2024, 6:33 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Whereas the Botswana Constitution guarantees and promotes protection to every person residing within the Country irrespective of their race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, the definition of discrimination in the Constitution does not include discrimination against women" (9). “The Constitution of Botswana recognizes the equality of women and men before the law” (9). Possible contradiction with above statement (BC CODER - COMMENT). "Whereas the Committee has called on the Government of Botswana to amend her Constitution to include discrimination against women as part of the definition of discrimination; and whereas the Government of Botswana is desirous to have an inclusive and public consultation on constitutional...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Whereas the Botswana Constitution guarantees and promotes protection to every person residing within the Country irrespective of their race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, the definition of discrimination in the Constitution does not include discrimination against women" (9). “The Constitution of Botswana recognizes the equality of women and men before the law” (9). Possible contradiction with above statement (BC CODER - COMMENT). "Whereas the Committee has called on the Government of Botswana to amend her Constitution to include discrimination against women as part of the definition of discrimination; and whereas the Government of Botswana is desirous to have an inclusive and public consultation on constitutional...more
Jan. 4, 2024, 10:41 a.m.
Countries: Singapore
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[Article 12(1) of the Singapore Constitution] specifically provides that 'All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law'" (10).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[Article 12(1) of the Singapore Constitution] specifically provides that 'All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law'" (10).
Nov. 22, 2023, 5:13 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Women are entitled to the same rights as men, including the right to wear what they choose" (14).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Women are entitled to the same rights as men, including the right to wear what they choose" (14).
Nov. 6, 2023, 11:49 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"As stipulated in article 48 of the Constitution, 'women in the People’s Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and family life'" (4). "Although 'discrimination against women' is not specifically defined in the existing laws, there is separate legislation that strictly prohibits direct and indirect discrimination against women" (6). “Gender equality is a basic State policy of China, according to which women enjoy equality with men when it comes to their rights to conclude contracts and administer property, access to legal procedures, freedom of movement and freedom to choose residence and domicile" (28).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"As stipulated in article 48 of the Constitution, 'women in the People’s Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and family life'" (4). "Although 'discrimination against women' is not specifically defined in the existing laws, there is separate legislation that strictly prohibits direct and indirect discrimination against women" (6). “Gender equality is a basic State policy of China, according to which women enjoy equality with men when it comes to their rights to conclude contracts and administer property, access to legal procedures, freedom of movement and freedom to choose residence and domicile" (28).
Nov. 2, 2023, 2:18 p.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
“In a Facebook post, [former prime minister Giuseppe Conte] promised to lead an ‘uncompromising opposition... We will be the outpost for the progressive agenda against inequalities, to protect families and businesses in difficulty, to defend the rights and values of our Constitution’” (para 12-13). Equality in family and business is a right and value found in the constitution (ET - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
“In a Facebook post, [former prime minister Giuseppe Conte] promised to lead an ‘uncompromising opposition... We will be the outpost for the progressive agenda against inequalities, to protect families and businesses in difficulty, to defend the rights and values of our Constitution’” (para 12-13). Equality in family and business is a right and value found in the constitution (ET - CODER COMMENT).
Oct. 4, 2023, 6:58 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[The constitution does not have] a comprehensive definition of discrimination against women, covering all prohibited grounds of discrimination, including direct and indirect discrimination in the public and private spheres and intersecting forms of discrimination" (3).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[The constitution does not have] a comprehensive definition of discrimination against women, covering all prohibited grounds of discrimination, including direct and indirect discrimination in the public and private spheres and intersecting forms of discrimination" (3).
Sept. 30, 2023, 4 p.m.
Countries: Kazakhstan
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Committee notes that gender-based discrimination is prohibited by law in the State party, including through the law on State guarantees of equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women, also known as the law on gender equality. It also notes that a new bill on family and gender policy will encompass direct and indirect discrimination. However, the Committee remains concerned about the following: (a) The current definition of discrimination does not include intersecting forms of discrimination; (b) The legal framework on discrimination is fragmented and does not provide effective protection against discrimination in fields such as employment or in cases of gender-based violence" (p.3).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Committee notes that gender-based discrimination is prohibited by law in the State party, including through the law on State guarantees of equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women, also known as the law on gender equality. It also notes that a new bill on family and gender policy will encompass direct and indirect discrimination. However, the Committee remains concerned about the following: (a) The current definition of discrimination does not include intersecting forms of discrimination; (b) The legal framework on discrimination is fragmented and does not provide effective protection against discrimination in fields such as employment or in cases of gender-based violence" (p.3).
Sept. 25, 2023, 8:02 a.m.
Countries: Guyana
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"No antidiscrimination legislation exists to protect persons from discrimination based on real or perceived sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or sex characteristics" (11).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"No antidiscrimination legislation exists to protect persons from discrimination based on real or perceived sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or sex characteristics" (11).
Sept. 22, 2023, 8:51 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Under the constitution and law, women enjoy the same rights and legal status as men" (19).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Under the constitution and law, women enjoy the same rights and legal status as men" (19).
Aug. 15, 2023, 5:22 p.m.
Countries: Bahamas
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The law [of Bahamas] does not prohibit discrimination based on gender" (12).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The law [of Bahamas] does not prohibit discrimination based on gender" (12).
Aug. 15, 2023, 6:17 a.m.
Countries: Cote D'Ivoire
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Law No. 2016-886 of 8 November 2016 establishing the Constitution of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire that promotes and protects women’s rights" (1). "The Committee notes that articles 4, 36 and 37 of the 2016 Constitution of the State party prohibit discrimination and promote equality of women and men in political and public life and in the labour market. It is concerned, however, that the Constitution of the State party does not comprise a comprehensive definition of discrimination in line with article 1 of the Convention" (5). "Recalling its previous concluding observations (CEDAW/C/CIV/CO/1-3, para. 17) and its general recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Law No. 2016-886 of 8 November 2016 establishing the Constitution of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire that promotes and protects women’s rights" (1). "The Committee notes that articles 4, 36 and 37 of the 2016 Constitution of the State party prohibit discrimination and promote equality of women and men in political and public life and in the labour market. It is concerned, however, that the Constitution of the State party does not comprise a comprehensive definition of discrimination in line with article 1 of the Convention" (5). "Recalling its previous concluding observations (CEDAW/C/CIV/CO/1-3, para. 17) and its general recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under...more
Aug. 8, 2023, 8:30 p.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[T]he principle of direct and indirect discrimination against women is enshrined in the State party’s legislation... [T]his definition does not include gender-based discrimination and intersecting forms of discrimination" (2).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[T]he principle of direct and indirect discrimination against women is enshrined in the State party’s legislation... [T]his definition does not include gender-based discrimination and intersecting forms of discrimination" (2).
Aug. 8, 2023, 12:20 p.m.
Countries: Senegal
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"There is no definition of discrimination against women in any existing national legislation. However, the committee for the review of laws and regulations that discriminate against women, established by Order No. 00936 of 27 January 2016 of the Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals, has proposed a reform of legislation relating to women’s rights. As part of the proposed reform, the definition of discrimination against women as set out in the Convention will be included in Act No. 81-77 of 10 December 1981 on the punishment of acts of racial, ethnic or religious discrimination." (2). "To guarantee equality between men and women, the Constitution of Senegal reaffirms the...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"There is no definition of discrimination against women in any existing national legislation. However, the committee for the review of laws and regulations that discriminate against women, established by Order No. 00936 of 27 January 2016 of the Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals, has proposed a reform of legislation relating to women’s rights. As part of the proposed reform, the definition of discrimination against women as set out in the Convention will be included in Act No. 81-77 of 10 December 1981 on the punishment of acts of racial, ethnic or religious discrimination." (2). "To guarantee equality between men and women, the Constitution of Senegal reaffirms the...more
July 25, 2023, 10:44 a.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[T]he Constitution and the Penal Code sufficiently define and prohibit discrimination against women in accordance with the Convention... [T]here are no provisions in the Constitution that define direct and indirect discrimination against women, and that the Penal Code prohibits only certain forms of direct discrimination, such as denial of access to goods, services or employment... [Cambodia's] national legislation [does not] include a definition of discrimination against women, covering direct and indirect discrimination in the public and private spheres" (3).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[T]he Constitution and the Penal Code sufficiently define and prohibit discrimination against women in accordance with the Convention... [T]here are no provisions in the Constitution that define direct and indirect discrimination against women, and that the Penal Code prohibits only certain forms of direct discrimination, such as denial of access to goods, services or employment... [Cambodia's] national legislation [does not] include a definition of discrimination against women, covering direct and indirect discrimination in the public and private spheres" (3).
July 10, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"As such, Article 17(a) of the 2008 Constitution of the Republic of Maldives prohibits gender-based discrimination, stipulating that all citizens are entitled to the rights and freedoms included in this Chapter without discrimination of any kind, including race, national origin, colour, sex, age, mental or physical disability, political or other opinion, property, birth or other status, or native island. Further, Article 35 of the Constitution guarantees to all persons, in a manner that is not contrary to any tenet of Islam, the rights and freedoms and provision of special protection to vulnerable groups, including children, adolescents, elders, and people with special needs." (8). "Even though there is no explicit definition...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"As such, Article 17(a) of the 2008 Constitution of the Republic of Maldives prohibits gender-based discrimination, stipulating that all citizens are entitled to the rights and freedoms included in this Chapter without discrimination of any kind, including race, national origin, colour, sex, age, mental or physical disability, political or other opinion, property, birth or other status, or native island. Further, Article 35 of the Constitution guarantees to all persons, in a manner that is not contrary to any tenet of Islam, the rights and freedoms and provision of special protection to vulnerable groups, including children, adolescents, elders, and people with special needs." (8). "Even though there is no explicit definition...more
June 20, 2023, 9:30 p.m.
Countries: Nicaragua
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"In compliance with international human rights standards, Nicaragua has adapted its legal framework to restore and protect rights for all without discrimination. Article 27 provides for the equality of persons before the law and for the protection and enjoyment of their political rights without discrimination on the grounds of birth, nationality, political views, race or sex. The State is required to eliminate obstacles to Nicaraguans’ effective participation in the country’s political, economic and social life. Article 46 establishes that all persons enjoy State protection and recognition of the rights inherent in their human condition, and full respect for, and promotion and protection of, the human rights contained in the Universal...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"In compliance with international human rights standards, Nicaragua has adapted its legal framework to restore and protect rights for all without discrimination. Article 27 provides for the equality of persons before the law and for the protection and enjoyment of their political rights without discrimination on the grounds of birth, nationality, political views, race or sex. The State is required to eliminate obstacles to Nicaraguans’ effective participation in the country’s political, economic and social life. Article 46 establishes that all persons enjoy State protection and recognition of the rights inherent in their human condition, and full respect for, and promotion and protection of, the human rights contained in the Universal...more
June 14, 2023, 7:56 p.m.
Countries: Bolivia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[I]t is stipulated in article 12 of the Act on Direct Election of Representatives to Supranational Parliamentary Bodies that, under the Constitution, direct election of representatives to supranational parliamentary bodies shall respect and ensure gender equity and equal opportunities for women and men" (19). "Bolivian Social Seals stipulate 'that the activities carried out by productive units must be carried out in accordance with Act No. 045 against Racism and All Forms of Discrimination and Act No. 348, which prohibit any discriminatory practice and the use of any form of violence within productive units that violate the economic, social and cultural rights of persons, because of gender'" (22).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[I]t is stipulated in article 12 of the Act on Direct Election of Representatives to Supranational Parliamentary Bodies that, under the Constitution, direct election of representatives to supranational parliamentary bodies shall respect and ensure gender equity and equal opportunities for women and men" (19). "Bolivian Social Seals stipulate 'that the activities carried out by productive units must be carried out in accordance with Act No. 045 against Racism and All Forms of Discrimination and Act No. 348, which prohibit any discriminatory practice and the use of any form of violence within productive units that violate the economic, social and cultural rights of persons, because of gender'" (22).
May 27, 2023, 2:02 a.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Women wearing hijabs (Muslim headscarves) are being discriminated against by businesses in Egypt, a BBC Arabic investigation has discovered. The evidence appears to violate Egypt's constitution, which bans discrimination based on religion, sex, race or social class. Since 2015, some Egyptian women wearing a hijab have taken to social media to complain about such treatment" (Para.1-3). "Amira Saber, an Egyptian MP who has campaigned for women's rights, said the Egyptian constitution was clear that discrimination of this kind [refusing veiled women owning property] was not allowed. 'I will certainly use one of my parliamentary tools to ask the officials in the government how we can ensure that this does not...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Women wearing hijabs (Muslim headscarves) are being discriminated against by businesses in Egypt, a BBC Arabic investigation has discovered. The evidence appears to violate Egypt's constitution, which bans discrimination based on religion, sex, race or social class. Since 2015, some Egyptian women wearing a hijab have taken to social media to complain about such treatment" (Para.1-3). "Amira Saber, an Egyptian MP who has campaigned for women's rights, said the Egyptian constitution was clear that discrimination of this kind [refusing veiled women owning property] was not allowed. 'I will certainly use one of my parliamentary tools to ask the officials in the government how we can ensure that this does not...more
April 1, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Uzbekistan
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Article 18 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan reads as follows: 'All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall have identical rights and freedoms and shall be equal before the law, without discrimination by sex, race, nationality, language, religion, social origin, convictions, or individual or social status. Any privileges may be granted solely in accordance with the law and the principles of social justice.' Women and men have equal rights in accordance with article 46 of the Constitution. Almost all laws governing specific human rights contain provisions that enshrine the equality of human rights, irrespective of gender or other grounds, including in the Electoral Code, the Civil Code,...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Article 18 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan reads as follows: 'All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall have identical rights and freedoms and shall be equal before the law, without discrimination by sex, race, nationality, language, religion, social origin, convictions, or individual or social status. Any privileges may be granted solely in accordance with the law and the principles of social justice.' Women and men have equal rights in accordance with article 46 of the Constitution. Almost all laws governing specific human rights contain provisions that enshrine the equality of human rights, irrespective of gender or other grounds, including in the Electoral Code, the Civil Code,...more
March 31, 2023, 2:31 p.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[D]iscrimination based on sex [is prohibited]… [D]iscriminatory laws and provisions [need to be reviewed], including those contained in the Penal Code and the Personal Status Law, which continue to deny women equal rights with men" (4).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[D]iscrimination based on sex [is prohibited]… [D]iscriminatory laws and provisions [need to be reviewed], including those contained in the Penal Code and the Personal Status Law, which continue to deny women equal rights with men" (4).
March 18, 2023, 10:20 p.m.
Countries: Ethiopia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Ethiopian law provides comprehensive protection against all forms of discrimination on any ground including sex" (3). "The Constitution as well as relevant subsidiary legislations of Ethiopia prohibits all forms of discriminations" (9). "The [Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia] Constitution provides for the right to equality of women and the prohibition of discrimination based on inter alia sex" (23).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Ethiopian law provides comprehensive protection against all forms of discrimination on any ground including sex" (3). "The Constitution as well as relevant subsidiary legislations of Ethiopia prohibits all forms of discriminations" (9). "The [Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia] Constitution provides for the right to equality of women and the prohibition of discrimination based on inter alia sex" (23).
March 15, 2023, 4:58 a.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
“One NGO report finds that Bulgarian lawyers and judges have no experience in handling cases of discrimination, and are uncertain how to apply international statutes on this topic and doubt that Bulgarian law includes effective measures to protect women’s rights. This highlights several deficiencies of Bulgarian legislation regarding women: Bulgarian law often does not reflect international legislation, and there is a lack of mechanisms to implement laws" (49). “The international instrument that guarantees the specific rights of women is the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), was ratified in 1982. Its significant provisions include: a clear definition of discrimination against women; the...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
“One NGO report finds that Bulgarian lawyers and judges have no experience in handling cases of discrimination, and are uncertain how to apply international statutes on this topic and doubt that Bulgarian law includes effective measures to protect women’s rights. This highlights several deficiencies of Bulgarian legislation regarding women: Bulgarian law often does not reflect international legislation, and there is a lack of mechanisms to implement laws" (49). “The international instrument that guarantees the specific rights of women is the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), was ratified in 1982. Its significant provisions include: a clear definition of discrimination against women; the...more
March 8, 2023, 1:43 p.m.
Countries: Montenegro
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Law Amending the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination was adopted in June 2017. The amendments improved the provision regulating discrimination based on gender identity, sexual orientation and/or intersex characteristics, with Article 19 stipulating that any discrimination, unequal treatment or unequal position of a person or group of persons on the basis of gender identity, sexual orientation and/or intersex characteristics shall be considered discrimination" (9).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Law Amending the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination was adopted in June 2017. The amendments improved the provision regulating discrimination based on gender identity, sexual orientation and/or intersex characteristics, with Article 19 stipulating that any discrimination, unequal treatment or unequal position of a person or group of persons on the basis of gender identity, sexual orientation and/or intersex characteristics shall be considered discrimination" (9).
Feb. 27, 2023, 8:27 a.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
“The Bulgarian Constitution includes the principle of equal treatment on the basis of ethnicity, sex, and personal or social status. The Constitution also provides for the right to health insurance guaranteeing affordable medical care, and the right to free health care in accordance with conditions set by the relevant laws” (7).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
“The Bulgarian Constitution includes the principle of equal treatment on the basis of ethnicity, sex, and personal or social status. The Constitution also provides for the right to health insurance guaranteeing affordable medical care, and the right to free health care in accordance with conditions set by the relevant laws” (7).
Feb. 24, 2023, 12:54 p.m.
Countries: Nepal
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Constitution of Nepal (hereinafter referred to as 'the Constitution') guarantees women’s rights with substantive equality; and protects human dignity, identity, and opportunity to all by ending all forms of discrimination and inequality. All political parties, irrespective of their political ideologies, have expressed their full commitment for protection and promotion of women’s rights in line with the CEDAW. The Constitution sets the policies on social justice and inclusion to be undertaken by all State machineries to end de facto discrimination and inequalities. The Constitution also provisions to form a parliamentary monitoring committee to monitor the progressive implementation of such policies." (4). "The Constitution guarantees the right to equality by prohibiting...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Constitution of Nepal (hereinafter referred to as 'the Constitution') guarantees women’s rights with substantive equality; and protects human dignity, identity, and opportunity to all by ending all forms of discrimination and inequality. All political parties, irrespective of their political ideologies, have expressed their full commitment for protection and promotion of women’s rights in line with the CEDAW. The Constitution sets the policies on social justice and inclusion to be undertaken by all State machineries to end de facto discrimination and inequalities. The Constitution also provisions to form a parliamentary monitoring committee to monitor the progressive implementation of such policies." (4). "The Constitution guarantees the right to equality by prohibiting...more