Countries: Honduras
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"At her inauguration earlier this year, Xiomara Castro, the first female president of Honduras, ended her speech with a message to women" (para 1). "One, designed to increase the government’s capacity to prevent violence against women and improve the attention given to survivors by the justice system, was expected to meet resistance in a legislative body dominated by men and social conservatives. Another, more limited, bill that would fulfil a campaign promise to create more shelters for survivors of violence languishes as well" (para 12). "'I think it’s that she avoids controversy, but by avoiding controversy one also seems to have that image of a weak person, so I feel...more

Countries: China
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"A quota system required at least one woman in senior leadership at each level below that, contributing a small but steady stream of candidates" (para. 5). Even though this quota existed, it's not been respected anymore (MD - CODER COMMENT).

Countries: Italy
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

“Addressing the media and supporters in the early hours of Monday morning [after the election], Meloni said it was ‘a night of pride for many and a night of redemption... It’s a victory I want to dedicate to everyone who is no longer with us and wanted this night,’ she said. ‘Starting tomorrow we have to show our value … Italians chose us, and we will not betray it, as we never have,’ she said” (para 2-3). Meloni's victory speech reflects accomplishment for her party rather than for women at large. Meloni's campaign was focused on her party's politics rather than her own womanhood. Her party seems to celebrate her...more

Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2, LBHO-PRACTICE-3

"Lily Wangchuk, the first and only woman president of a Bhutanese political party, referred in 2013 to 'huge gender gaps' in societal attitudes, which have inspired her to continue pursuing her political ambitions. Wangchuk, whose Druk Chirwang Tshogpa party was eliminated in the first round of elections that year after garnering only 6 percent of the vote, told the Indian business news publication Mint: 'during my campaign, my male opponents said, ‘[How] can a woman assume such an enormous responsibility?’ If I quit now, I will be proving them right.' " (para.3).

Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"[There have been] reports of harassment and intimidation of women human rights defenders, trade union workers and land and environmental activists, as well as members of the political opposition party, which was dissolved in November 2017... [W]omen have not been able to organize and participate in International Women’s Day marches since 2015" (6). "[W]omen continue to be underrepresented in legislative bodies, ministerial posts and local governments, as well as in the judiciary, the police force, the foreign service and academic institutions, particularly at the decision-making level. It also regrets the lack of representation of women belonging to ethnic minority groups and indigenous women in political and public life" (9).more

Countries: Algeria
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"Men held a large percentage of positions of authority in government and the private sector" (38).

Countries: Bolivia
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"The 'Campaign for Women to Remain in Office without Facing Political Harassment or Violence' was launched... In order to raise awareness of the relevant regulations, eight workshops were held in which 823 women members of assemblies, councillors and representatives of political and women’s organizations took part. The First National Meeting for the Exchange of Experiences on Women’s Participation in the Process of Building Indigenous Autonomies (2017) was also organized" (19).

Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1, LBHO-PRACTICE-2

“As this working paper has shown, women entrepreneurs are an emerging force in Bulgarian social and economic life. However, women are not often found in key political decision-making positions. Most women-oriented NGOs generally focus on advocacy and lobbying, and only scattered and small-scale interventions have been made in the fields of support for women’s entrepreneurship (e.g. networking, legal advice, and business strategy advice); education and training; and the provision of advisory services and research on women’s issues. A great deal remains to be done in all of these areas in order to improve the situation of Bulgarian women in general, and women entrepreneurs in particular” (61).

Countries: Nigeria
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"One of the things the country needs to change most urgently is its dismal numbers on female representation in politics, Oyagbola tells me" (Para. 4). "Hawwah Gambo, one of the few female candidates in these elections, tells me a patriarchal culture that conditions women to believe they don’t need to aspire for leadership roles, and pits women against each other, is the main culprit" (Para. 9). "Gambo is from northern Nigeria, where women have historically been even more disadvantaged. People have said to her face that supporting her would be 'a wasted investment,' but she says it hurts the most when it comes from women" (Para. 10).

Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"The Committee [on the Elimination of All Forms Discrimination against Women] notes... with concern...[t]he low representation of women in the Zhogorku Kenesh (15 per cent) and in local councils, and the introduction of the mixed electoral system, which will lower the quota for women candidates from 30 to 18 per cent [and] [g]ender-based violence and hate speech against women candidates during elections and political rallies" (8).

Countries: Nicaragua
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"...and women began to fill various positions in the National Assembly." (para 13) (NF- CODER COMMENT - Though no position is explicitly named, the inclusion of women in the political process hints that in the previous regime, women were either barred or not welcome into positions of power. Also, it can be inferred that due to the lack of educational, economic, and social support for women, that men were considered better political leaders and were key decision makers).

Countries: Japan
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2, RISW-PRACTICE-1

"Less than a year ago, voters in Japan had to look very hard to find a woman’s name on ballot papers for the lower house election. But as the country prepares to go to the polls again this weekend, they are comparatively spoiled for choice. About a third of the candidates in this Sunday’s upper house election are women – the highest proportion since Japanese women won the right to vote and stand for parliament in 1946" (para 1-2).

Countries: New Zealand
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"Soraya Peke-Mason from the liberal Labour Party was sworn in to Parliament on Tuesday, replacing former Speaker Trevor Mallard, who left to become ambassador to Ireland. With the resignation of another male lawmaker, it has tipped the balance in Parliament to 60 women and 59 men" (para 1). Because the majority of lawmakers are women, it is evident that society does not consider men to be better political leaders than women (AMC - CODER COMMENT).

Countries: India
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"'At the time, politics was not looked at with a good point of view,' she said. 'Especially for women. Because the society I belong to, they think that women should not step into politics.'" (13) "Ms. Tudu, a widow whose husband was Ms. Murmu’s brother, grows rice in a small field and draws her water from the community pump. She said it was 'liberating' to have electricity in her home, though some of the rooms had yet to be connected. Ms. Tudu was thrilled by her sister-in-law’s ascent. 'It fills my heart with joy,' she said. A cousin sitting nearby, Heera Murmu, was more pragmatic." (22,23)

Countries: Tanzania
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2

"But her first challenge, Ms. Hassan said in an interview last week at the state house in the capital, Dodoma, was to overcome the notion that a woman could not lead Tanzania. 'Most of the people couldn’t believe that we can have a woman president and she can deliver,' Ms. Hassan said. 'The challenge was to create a trust to the people that yes, I can do it.'" (5,6)