Latest items for LRCM-LAW-2
Oct. 16, 2026, 11:06 p.m.
Countries: Croatia
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape and domestic violence. The law was enforced in most cases. Sentences ranged from fines to jail, depending on the crime’s severity. Rape, including spousal rape, was punishable by a maximum of 15 years’ imprisonment. Domestic violence was punishable by up to three years’ imprisonment. The law provided for stricter penalties for violence against closely related family members and violence against women. Sexual intercourse without consent was classified as rape and was punishable by three to 10 years’ imprisonment. The law provided sanctions (fines and up to 90 days’ imprisonment) for misdemeanor domestic violence” (20-21).more
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape and domestic violence. The law was enforced in most cases. Sentences ranged from fines to jail, depending on the crime’s severity. Rape, including spousal rape, was punishable by a maximum of 15 years’ imprisonment. Domestic violence was punishable by up to three years’ imprisonment. The law provided for stricter penalties for violence against closely related family members and violence against women. Sexual intercourse without consent was classified as rape and was punishable by three to 10 years’ imprisonment. The law provided sanctions (fines and up to 90 days’ imprisonment) for misdemeanor domestic violence” (20-21).more
Oct. 16, 2026, 11:05 p.m.
Countries: Cote D'Ivoire
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRW-DATA-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-LAW-1
“The law prohibited rape of men and women and provided for prison terms of five to 20 years for perpetrators. The law provided for a rebuttable presumption of consent in marital rape cases. The court could impose a life sentence in cases of gang rape if the rapists were related to or held positions of authority over the survivor, or if the survivor was younger than 18. The law did not specifically address domestic violence and intimate partner violence or mandate special penalties for these acts. Authorities did not consistently enforce these laws effectively. Human rights organizations reported family members and community leaders often informally mediated rape accusations without survivor...more
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRW-DATA-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-LAW-1
“The law prohibited rape of men and women and provided for prison terms of five to 20 years for perpetrators. The law provided for a rebuttable presumption of consent in marital rape cases. The court could impose a life sentence in cases of gang rape if the rapists were related to or held positions of authority over the survivor, or if the survivor was younger than 18. The law did not specifically address domestic violence and intimate partner violence or mandate special penalties for these acts. Authorities did not consistently enforce these laws effectively. Human rights organizations reported family members and community leaders often informally mediated rape accusations without survivor...more
Oct. 16, 2026, 11:01 p.m.
Countries: Costa Rica
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized rape of men or women, including spousal and domestic or intimate partner rape and other forms of domestic and sexual violence, as well asso-called corrective rape of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons. The law provided penalties from 10 to 18 years in prison for conviction of rape. The government generally enforced the law effectively. Observers noted corrective rape cases frequently were not reported” (15).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized rape of men or women, including spousal and domestic or intimate partner rape and other forms of domestic and sexual violence, as well asso-called corrective rape of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons. The law provided penalties from 10 to 18 years in prison for conviction of rape. The government generally enforced the law effectively. Observers noted corrective rape cases frequently were not reported” (15).
Oct. 16, 2026, 10:57 p.m.
Countries: Congo
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law prohibited rape, including spousal rape, and prescribed sentences of between 10 and 20 years in prison and monetary fines based on the severity of the crime. The law was written to cover only women; in the country’s legal vernacular, “rape” was used exclusively in cases involving women survivors, while “indecent assault” was used in cases of rape of men. Authorities made efforts to enforce the law, but judgments often took years to be rendered and penalties applied. NGOs and women’s advocacy groups reported rape, especially spousal rape, was common. Judicial sector personnel reported no prosecutions for spousal rape due to the need for courts to institutionalize the law,...more
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law prohibited rape, including spousal rape, and prescribed sentences of between 10 and 20 years in prison and monetary fines based on the severity of the crime. The law was written to cover only women; in the country’s legal vernacular, “rape” was used exclusively in cases involving women survivors, while “indecent assault” was used in cases of rape of men. Authorities made efforts to enforce the law, but judgments often took years to be rendered and penalties applied. NGOs and women’s advocacy groups reported rape, especially spousal rape, was common. Judicial sector personnel reported no prosecutions for spousal rape due to the need for courts to institutionalize the law,...more
Oct. 15, 2026, 10:30 p.m.
Countries: Comoros
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape regardless of age or gender was illegal and punishable by five to 10 years’ imprisonment or up to 15 years if the survivor was younger than age 15. The law did not specifically address spousal rape but being married to a survivor did not exonerate the perpetrator. Authorities prosecuted perpetrators if survivors filed charges; otherwise, authorities rarely enforced the law. There were reports families or village elders settled many allegations of sexual violence informally through traditional means and without recourse to the formal court system” (14-15).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape regardless of age or gender was illegal and punishable by five to 10 years’ imprisonment or up to 15 years if the survivor was younger than age 15. The law did not specifically address spousal rape but being married to a survivor did not exonerate the perpetrator. Authorities prosecuted perpetrators if survivors filed charges; otherwise, authorities rarely enforced the law. There were reports families or village elders settled many allegations of sexual violence informally through traditional means and without recourse to the formal court system” (14-15).
Oct. 15, 2026, 10:27 p.m.
Countries: Colombia
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law prohibited rape of women or men, including spousal rape. Rape by a spouse or a current or former cohabitant or co-parent was an aggravated offense that was treated under the law as a violent sexual assault. There were no laws specifically on ‘corrective rape.’ The law provided for sentences ranging from eight to 30 years’ imprisonment for violent sexual assault. For acts of spousal sexual violence, the law mandated prison sentences of six months to two years” (30).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law prohibited rape of women or men, including spousal rape. Rape by a spouse or a current or former cohabitant or co-parent was an aggravated offense that was treated under the law as a violent sexual assault. There were no laws specifically on ‘corrective rape.’ The law provided for sentences ranging from eight to 30 years’ imprisonment for violent sexual assault. For acts of spousal sexual violence, the law mandated prison sentences of six months to two years” (30).
Oct. 15, 2026, 10:16 p.m.
Countries: Chile
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized rape of women or men, including spousal and domestic or intimate partner rape. Penalties for conviction of rape ranged from five to 15 years’ imprisonment” (11).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized rape of women or men, including spousal and domestic or intimate partner rape. Penalties for conviction of rape ranged from five to 15 years’ imprisonment” (11).
Oct. 15, 2026, 10:12 p.m.
Countries: Chad
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-4, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law provided that rape, including rape of women refugees, was punishable by up to 30 years in prison. The law did not specifically address spousal rape, corrective rape of LGBTQI+ persons, the gender of survivors, or domestic violence. Nevertheless, rape was a problem. Police often detained alleged perpetrators, but rape cases were rarely tried. Authorities fined and released most rape suspects, according to local media. Communities sometimes compelled rape survivors to marry their attackers” (26).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-4, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law provided that rape, including rape of women refugees, was punishable by up to 30 years in prison. The law did not specifically address spousal rape, corrective rape of LGBTQI+ persons, the gender of survivors, or domestic violence. Nevertheless, rape was a problem. Police often detained alleged perpetrators, but rape cases were rarely tried. Authorities fined and released most rape suspects, according to local media. Communities sometimes compelled rape survivors to marry their attackers” (26).
Oct. 15, 2026, 10:05 p.m.
Countries: Central African Rep
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized all forms of physical and sexual violence, as well as sexual exploitation. The law prohibited rape of all persons regardless of gender, although it did not specifically prohibit spousal rape. Rape was punishable by imprisonment with hard labor, but the law did not specify a minimum sentence. The government did not enforce the law effectively” (30-31).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized all forms of physical and sexual violence, as well as sexual exploitation. The law prohibited rape of all persons regardless of gender, although it did not specifically prohibit spousal rape. Rape was punishable by imprisonment with hard labor, but the law did not specify a minimum sentence. The government did not enforce the law effectively” (30-31).
Oct. 9, 2026, 6:33 a.m.
Countries: Cameroon
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[M]arital rape either remains outside the remits of criminal law, or is illegal but widely tolerated. The Penal Code of Cameroon criminalises rape in section 296 but does not contemplate a situation where it can be committed within marriage. Talking of rape between husband and wife was, and is still a very controversial issue because by marriage, both parties are considered as having given their irrevocable consent to satisfying each other’s sexual needs" (83).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[M]arital rape either remains outside the remits of criminal law, or is illegal but widely tolerated. The Penal Code of Cameroon criminalises rape in section 296 but does not contemplate a situation where it can be committed within marriage. Talking of rape between husband and wife was, and is still a very controversial issue because by marriage, both parties are considered as having given their irrevocable consent to satisfying each other’s sexual needs" (83).
Oct. 9, 2026, 6:33 a.m.
Countries: Cameroon
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[M]arital rape either remains outside the remits of criminal law, or is illegal but widely tolerated. The Penal Code of Cameroon criminalises rape in section 296 but does not contemplate a situation where it can be committed within marriage. Talking of rape between husband and wife was, and is still a very controversial issue because by marriage, both parties are considered as having given their irrevocable consent to satisfying each other’s sexual needs" (83).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[M]arital rape either remains outside the remits of criminal law, or is illegal but widely tolerated. The Penal Code of Cameroon criminalises rape in section 296 but does not contemplate a situation where it can be committed within marriage. Talking of rape between husband and wife was, and is still a very controversial issue because by marriage, both parties are considered as having given their irrevocable consent to satisfying each other’s sexual needs" (83).
Oct. 9, 2026, 6:33 a.m.
Countries: Cameroon
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[M]arital rape either remains outside the remits of criminal law, or is illegal but widely tolerated. The Penal Code of Cameroon criminalises rape in section 296 but does not contemplate a situation where it can be committed within marriage. Talking of rape between husband and wife was, and is still a very controversial issue because by marriage, both parties are considered as having given their irrevocable consent to satisfying each other’s sexual needs" (83).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[M]arital rape either remains outside the remits of criminal law, or is illegal but widely tolerated. The Penal Code of Cameroon criminalises rape in section 296 but does not contemplate a situation where it can be committed within marriage. Talking of rape between husband and wife was, and is still a very controversial issue because by marriage, both parties are considered as having given their irrevocable consent to satisfying each other’s sexual needs" (83).
Oct. 9, 2026, 6:18 a.m.
Countries: Cameroon
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is not a crime under Cameroon law" (197).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is not a crime under Cameroon law" (197).
Oct. 7, 2026, 6:55 a.m.
Countries: Canada
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The new legislation made it a crime for a man to rape his wife, and it was no longer legally acceptable for a husband to use force to have sex with his wife. The term 'rape' was removed from the law and replaced with the language of 'sexual assault'" (para 2).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The new legislation made it a crime for a man to rape his wife, and it was no longer legally acceptable for a husband to use force to have sex with his wife. The term 'rape' was removed from the law and replaced with the language of 'sexual assault'" (para 2).
Oct. 7, 2026, 5:19 a.m.
Countries: Central African Rep
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The Penal Code criminalizes rape, sexual assault, and violence against women. In 2010, the CAR government made efforts to improve the legal framework to better protect women from violence, including addressing issues such as marital rape and female genital mutilation (FGM)" (para 6).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The Penal Code criminalizes rape, sexual assault, and violence against women. In 2010, the CAR government made efforts to improve the legal framework to better protect women from violence, including addressing issues such as marital rape and female genital mutilation (FGM)" (para 6).
Oct. 7, 2026, 5:14 a.m.
Countries: Central African Rep
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Domestic violence and sexual harassment are punishable under the Penal Code. However, marital rape is not yet criminalized in the Central African Republic" (para 12).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Domestic violence and sexual harassment are punishable under the Penal Code. However, marital rape is not yet criminalized in the Central African Republic" (para 12).
Oct. 7, 2026, 4:49 a.m.
Countries: Chad
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Moreover, although Articles 349-350 of the Penal Code criminalise rape, the definition of rape is not grounded on the notion of consent and does not specifically cover marital rape" (7).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Moreover, although Articles 349-350 of the Penal Code criminalise rape, the definition of rape is not grounded on the notion of consent and does not specifically cover marital rape" (7).
Oct. 7, 2026, 4:49 a.m.
Countries: Chad
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Moreover, although Articles 349-350 of the Penal Code criminalise rape, the definition of rape is not grounded on the notion of consent and does not specifically cover marital rape" (7).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Moreover, although Articles 349-350 of the Penal Code criminalise rape, the definition of rape is not grounded on the notion of consent and does not specifically cover marital rape" (7).
Oct. 7, 2026, 4:39 a.m.
Countries: Chad
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law does not specifically address spousal rape, the gender of victims, or domestic violence" (24).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law does not specifically address spousal rape, the gender of victims, or domestic violence" (24).
Oct. 6, 2026, 1:59 a.m.
Countries: Chile
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"According to US Country Reports 2022, physical and psychological domestic violence, as well as the "rape of men or women, including spousal rape," are criminalized under Chilean law" (para 10).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"According to US Country Reports 2022, physical and psychological domestic violence, as well as the "rape of men or women, including spousal rape," are criminalized under Chilean law" (para 10).
Oct. 6, 2026, 12:26 a.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[I]n Cambodia, the legal code does not specifically describe marital rape. Cambodia’s Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of Victims contains ambiguous wording related to concepts such as the definition of domestic violence and marital rape. In Article 3 and 7 of the Kingdom’s Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of Victims recognises marital rape as an act committed through “sexual aggression” as a form of domestic violence. The law incorporates “violent sex” as an element of “sexual aggression”. Unfortunately, there is no definition given to “violent sex”. The law is also silent on the “matter of consent” which is a key...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[I]n Cambodia, the legal code does not specifically describe marital rape. Cambodia’s Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of Victims contains ambiguous wording related to concepts such as the definition of domestic violence and marital rape. In Article 3 and 7 of the Kingdom’s Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of Victims recognises marital rape as an act committed through “sexual aggression” as a form of domestic violence. The law incorporates “violent sex” as an element of “sexual aggression”. Unfortunately, there is no definition given to “violent sex”. The law is also silent on the “matter of consent” which is a key...more
Oct. 5, 2026, 2:58 p.m.
Countries: Burundi
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law prohibited rape against women and men, including spousal rape, with penalties of up to 30 years’ imprisonment" (40).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law prohibited rape against women and men, including spousal rape, with penalties of up to 30 years’ imprisonment" (40).
Oct. 5, 2026, 2:40 p.m.
Countries: Burundi
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape (viol conjugal) is a criminal offence in Burundi and defined in the GBV law. Perpetrators may be sentenced to 15 to 30 days in prison and/or a fine of 10,000 to 50,000 Burundian francs (4-18 USD)" (8).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape (viol conjugal) is a criminal offence in Burundi and defined in the GBV law. Perpetrators may be sentenced to 15 to 30 days in prison and/or a fine of 10,000 to 50,000 Burundian francs (4-18 USD)" (8).
Oct. 4, 2026, 10:04 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[T]he law fails to criminalise domestic violence, does not prohibit marital rape, and only allows abortion if it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman" (142).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[T]he law fails to criminalise domestic violence, does not prohibit marital rape, and only allows abortion if it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman" (142).
Oct. 4, 2026, 9:53 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[T]he law fails to criminalise domestic violence, does not prohibit marital rape, and only allows abortion if it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman" (142).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[T]he law fails to criminalise domestic violence, does not prohibit marital rape, and only allows abortion if it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman" (142).
Oct. 4, 2026, 9:37 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law stipulated different minimum ages for marriage based on religion and gender. The minimum age for Buddhists was 18, while the minimum age for non-Buddhists was 16 for boys and 15 for girls. Child marriage occurred, especially in rural areas. There were no reliable statistics on forced marriage" (46)
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law stipulated different minimum ages for marriage based on religion and gender. The minimum age for Buddhists was 18, while the minimum age for non-Buddhists was 16 for boys and 15 for girls. Child marriage occurred, especially in rural areas. There were no reliable statistics on forced marriage" (46)
Oct. 4, 2026, 9:34 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Spousal rape was not a crime unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage (which could vary according to ethnicity or religion), the penalty for which was a maximum of two years in prison. The law prohibited committing bodily harm against another person, but there were no laws specifically against domestic violence or spousal abuse unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage. Overlapping and at times contradictory legal provisions complicated implementation of these limited protections" (41-42).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Spousal rape was not a crime unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage (which could vary according to ethnicity or religion), the penalty for which was a maximum of two years in prison. The law prohibited committing bodily harm against another person, but there were no laws specifically against domestic violence or spousal abuse unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage. Overlapping and at times contradictory legal provisions complicated implementation of these limited protections" (41-42).
Sept. 29, 2026, 3:15 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"...Article 236 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China does not explicitly stipulate that the husband cannot be considered the subject of the crime of rape. Consequently, marital rape constitutes an obstacle to the crime of rape and is not guilty of the law" (200).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"...Article 236 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China does not explicitly stipulate that the husband cannot be considered the subject of the crime of rape. Consequently, marital rape constitutes an obstacle to the crime of rape and is not guilty of the law" (200).
Sept. 29, 2026, 3:10 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is neither a criminal nor civil offense under current Chinese law" (para 4).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is neither a criminal nor civil offense under current Chinese law" (para 4).
Sept. 23, 2026, 10:33 a.m.
Countries: Cape Verde
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law implicitly covered spousal rape; penalties for conviction ranged from one to five years’ imprisonment" (8).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law implicitly covered spousal rape; penalties for conviction ranged from one to five years’ imprisonment" (8).