Latest items for Afghanistan
Sept. 13, 2023, 9:13 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: IAD-LAW-1
"Daughters, subject to observation of provision of Article (2019) of this Law, shall be entitled to inheritance as follows: 1 – One daughter shall be entitled to half of the inheritance; two or more shall be entitled to two thirds. 2 – Daughters of son, if they do not have daughter or daughter of son, who is higher than her in degree, shall be entitled to the inheritance stated in the above Item. Daughters of son, one or more, in case of existence of daughter or daughter of son who are higher than her in degree, shall be entitled to one sixth of the inheritance" (265). "(1) The residuary due...more
Variables: IAD-LAW-1
"Daughters, subject to observation of provision of Article (2019) of this Law, shall be entitled to inheritance as follows: 1 – One daughter shall be entitled to half of the inheritance; two or more shall be entitled to two thirds. 2 – Daughters of son, if they do not have daughter or daughter of son, who is higher than her in degree, shall be entitled to the inheritance stated in the above Item. Daughters of son, one or more, in case of existence of daughter or daughter of son who are higher than her in degree, shall be entitled to one sixth of the inheritance" (265). "(1) The residuary due...more
Sept. 8, 2023, 3:10 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-2
"Some women staged protests in the capital Kabul on Wednesday. 'Today we come out on the streets of Kabul to raise our voices against the closure of the girls' universities,' protesters from the Afghanistan Women's Unity and Solidarity group said. The small demonstrations were quickly shut down by Taliban officials" (para 4-6).
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-2
"Some women staged protests in the capital Kabul on Wednesday. 'Today we come out on the streets of Kabul to raise our voices against the closure of the girls' universities,' protesters from the Afghanistan Women's Unity and Solidarity group said. The small demonstrations were quickly shut down by Taliban officials" (para 4-6).
Sept. 8, 2023, 3:10 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"Some women staged protests in the capital Kabul on Wednesday. 'Today we come out on the streets of Kabul to raise our voices against the closure of girls' universities,' protesters from the Afghanistan Women's Unity and Solidarity group said (para 4-5). "Female students have told the BBC of their anguish. 'They destroyed the only bridge that could connect me with my future,' one Kabul University student said. 'How can I react? I believed that I could study and change my future or bring the light to my life but they destroyed it.' Another student told the BBC she was a woman who had 'lost everything'. She had been studying Sharia...more
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"Some women staged protests in the capital Kabul on Wednesday. 'Today we come out on the streets of Kabul to raise our voices against the closure of girls' universities,' protesters from the Afghanistan Women's Unity and Solidarity group said (para 4-5). "Female students have told the BBC of their anguish. 'They destroyed the only bridge that could connect me with my future,' one Kabul University student said. 'How can I react? I believed that I could study and change my future or bring the light to my life but they destroyed it.' Another student told the BBC she was a woman who had 'lost everything'. She had been studying Sharia...more
Sept. 8, 2023, 3:10 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: RISW-PRACTICE-2
"The Taliban have banned women from universities in Afghanistan, sparking international condemnation and despair among young people in the country. The higher education minister announced the regression on Tuesday, saying it would take immediate effect. The ban further restricts women's education - girls have already been excluded from secondary schools since the Taliban returned last year" (para 1-3). "The Taliban had promised a softer rule after seizing power last year following the US' withdrawal from the country. However the hardline Islamists have continued to roll back women's rights and freedoms in the country...The crackdown also follows a wave of new restrictions on women in recent months. In November, women were...more
Variables: RISW-PRACTICE-2
"The Taliban have banned women from universities in Afghanistan, sparking international condemnation and despair among young people in the country. The higher education minister announced the regression on Tuesday, saying it would take immediate effect. The ban further restricts women's education - girls have already been excluded from secondary schools since the Taliban returned last year" (para 1-3). "The Taliban had promised a softer rule after seizing power last year following the US' withdrawal from the country. However the hardline Islamists have continued to roll back women's rights and freedoms in the country...The crackdown also follows a wave of new restrictions on women in recent months. In November, women were...more
Sept. 8, 2023, 3:10 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1
" 'Today we come out on the streets of Kabul to raise our voices against the closure of the girls' universities,' protesters from the Afghanistan Women's Unity and Solidarity group said" (para 5).
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1
" 'Today we come out on the streets of Kabul to raise our voices against the closure of the girls' universities,' protesters from the Afghanistan Women's Unity and Solidarity group said" (para 5).
Sept. 8, 2023, 3:10 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-1, IIP-LAW-1
"In November, women were banned from parks, gyms and public baths in the capital" (para 26). "Prior to Tuesday's announcement [banning women from attending university], universities had already been operating under discriminatory rules for women since the Taliban takeover in 2021. There were gender segregated entrances and classrooms, and female students could only be taught by women professors or old men" (para 31-32).
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-1, IIP-LAW-1
"In November, women were banned from parks, gyms and public baths in the capital" (para 26). "Prior to Tuesday's announcement [banning women from attending university], universities had already been operating under discriminatory rules for women since the Taliban takeover in 2021. There were gender segregated entrances and classrooms, and female students could only be taught by women professors or old men" (para 31-32).
Sept. 8, 2023, 3:10 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: ASR-LAW-1
"The Taliban have banned women from universities in Afghanistan, sparking international condemnation and despair among young people in the country…The Taliban had just three months ago allowed thousands of girls and women to sit university entrance exams in most provinces across the country. But there were restrictions on the subjects they could apply for, with engineering, economics, veterinary science and agriculture blocked and journalism severely restricted" (para 1, 29-30).
Variables: ASR-LAW-1
"The Taliban have banned women from universities in Afghanistan, sparking international condemnation and despair among young people in the country…The Taliban had just three months ago allowed thousands of girls and women to sit university entrance exams in most provinces across the country. But there were restrictions on the subjects they could apply for, with engineering, economics, veterinary science and agriculture blocked and journalism severely restricted" (para 1, 29-30).
Sept. 8, 2023, 3:10 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: AFE-LAW-1
"The Taliban have banned women from universities in Afghanistan, sparking international condemnation and despair among young people in the country...The ban further restricts women's education - girls have already been excluded from secondary schools since the Taliban returned last year…The United Nations and several countries have condemned the order, which takes Afghanistan back to the Taliban's first period of rule when girls could not receive formal education…Yet on Tuesday, the education ministry said its scholars had evaluated the university curriculum and environment, and attendance for girls would be suspended 'until a suitable environment' was provided. It added that it would soon provide such a setting and 'citizens should not be...more
Variables: AFE-LAW-1
"The Taliban have banned women from universities in Afghanistan, sparking international condemnation and despair among young people in the country...The ban further restricts women's education - girls have already been excluded from secondary schools since the Taliban returned last year…The United Nations and several countries have condemned the order, which takes Afghanistan back to the Taliban's first period of rule when girls could not receive formal education…Yet on Tuesday, the education ministry said its scholars had evaluated the university curriculum and environment, and attendance for girls would be suspended 'until a suitable environment' was provided. It added that it would soon provide such a setting and 'citizens should not be...more
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: WAM-PRACTICE-1
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas...In a video posted on social media today, one of the Taliban government's guards can be seen chasing after the students with a whip and lashing them to disperse them.The footage shows dozens of women standing outside the university gates holding books and other school supplies as men are able to walk past them and get inside" (para 1, 3-4).
Variables: WAM-PRACTICE-1
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas...In a video posted on social media today, one of the Taliban government's guards can be seen chasing after the students with a whip and lashing them to disperse them.The footage shows dozens of women standing outside the university gates holding books and other school supplies as men are able to walk past them and get inside" (para 1, 3-4).
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"Taliban Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai called on the authorities to reopen schools for girls beyond the sixth year, arguing that there is no valid reason in Islam for the ban" (11).
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"Taliban Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai called on the authorities to reopen schools for girls beyond the sixth year, arguing that there is no valid reason in Islam for the ban" (11).
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: RISW-PRACTICE-2
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas... It comes nearly three months after the Taliban's religious police introduced stricter measures on how women dress in Badakhshan, particularly in the capital Faizabad which is where the university is located" (para 5).
Variables: RISW-PRACTICE-2
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas... It comes nearly three months after the Taliban's religious police introduced stricter measures on how women dress in Badakhshan, particularly in the capital Faizabad which is where the university is located" (para 5).
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-2
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas. The women, students at Badakhshan University in northeastern Afghanistan, said they were beaten by Taliban officials from the Ministry of Virtue and Vice for wearing hijabs - headscarves - instead of burkas...According to the Directorate of Vice and Virtue, proper attire for women in public is either a niqab - a veil covering the head and face but not the eyes - or a burka - a veil that covers the entire body and face, with a mesh window across the eyes (1-2,...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-2
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas. The women, students at Badakhshan University in northeastern Afghanistan, said they were beaten by Taliban officials from the Ministry of Virtue and Vice for wearing hijabs - headscarves - instead of burkas...According to the Directorate of Vice and Virtue, proper attire for women in public is either a niqab - a veil covering the head and face but not the eyes - or a burka - a veil that covers the entire body and face, with a mesh window across the eyes (1-2,...more
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas. The women, students at Badakhshan University in northeastern Afghanistan, said they were beaten by Taliban officials from the Ministry of Virtue and Vice for wearing hijabs - headscarves - instead of burkas. In a video posted on social media..., one of the Taliban government's guards can be seen chasing after the students with a whip and lashing them to disperse them. The footage shows dozens of women standing outside the university gates holding books and other school supplies as men are able to...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas. The women, students at Badakhshan University in northeastern Afghanistan, said they were beaten by Taliban officials from the Ministry of Virtue and Vice for wearing hijabs - headscarves - instead of burkas. In a video posted on social media..., one of the Taliban government's guards can be seen chasing after the students with a whip and lashing them to disperse them. The footage shows dozens of women standing outside the university gates holding books and other school supplies as men are able to...more
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: RCDW-LAW-2
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas...It comes nearly three months after the Taliban's religious police introduced stricter measures on how women dress in Badakhshan, particularly in the capital Faizabad which is where the university is located. According to the Directorate of Vice and Virtue, proper attire for women in public is either a niqab - a veil covering the head and face but not the eyes - or a burka - a veil that covers the entire body and face, with a mesh window across the eyes" (para 1,...more
Variables: RCDW-LAW-2
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas...It comes nearly three months after the Taliban's religious police introduced stricter measures on how women dress in Badakhshan, particularly in the capital Faizabad which is where the university is located. According to the Directorate of Vice and Virtue, proper attire for women in public is either a niqab - a veil covering the head and face but not the eyes - or a burka - a veil that covers the entire body and face, with a mesh window across the eyes" (para 1,...more
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: RCDW-LAW-1
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas...It comes nearly three months after the Taliban's religious police introduced stricter measures on how women dress in Badakhshan, particularly in the capital Faizabad which is where the university is located. According to the Directorate of Vice and Virtue, proper attire for women in public is either a niqab - a veil covering the head and face but not the eyes - or a burka - a veil that covers the entire body and face, with a mesh window across the eyes. Public universities...more
Variables: RCDW-LAW-1
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas...It comes nearly three months after the Taliban's religious police introduced stricter measures on how women dress in Badakhshan, particularly in the capital Faizabad which is where the university is located. According to the Directorate of Vice and Virtue, proper attire for women in public is either a niqab - a veil covering the head and face but not the eyes - or a burka - a veil that covers the entire body and face, with a mesh window across the eyes. Public universities...more
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: ERBG-LAW-1
"[A] source with Taliban leadership ties told the Guardian that even if practical barriers to women entering higher education are removed, the authorities are considering limiting them to degrees in healthcare and education...Previously, under Taliban rule from 1996 to 2001, women weren't allowed to work or be educated" (para 12, 15).
Variables: ERBG-LAW-1
"[A] source with Taliban leadership ties told the Guardian that even if practical barriers to women entering higher education are removed, the authorities are considering limiting them to degrees in healthcare and education...Previously, under Taliban rule from 1996 to 2001, women weren't allowed to work or be educated" (para 12, 15).
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas. The women, students at Badakhshan University in northeastern Afghanistan, said they were beaten by Taliban officials from the Ministry of Virtue and Vice for wearing hijabs - headscarves - instead of burkas. In a video posted on social media today, one of the Taliban government's guards can be seen chasing after the students with a whip and lashing them to disperse them. The footage shows dozens of women standing outside the university gates holding books and other school supplies as men are able...more
Variables: DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas. The women, students at Badakhshan University in northeastern Afghanistan, said they were beaten by Taliban officials from the Ministry of Virtue and Vice for wearing hijabs - headscarves - instead of burkas. In a video posted on social media today, one of the Taliban government's guards can be seen chasing after the students with a whip and lashing them to disperse them. The footage shows dozens of women standing outside the university gates holding books and other school supplies as men are able...more
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: DTCP-LAW-1
"The Taliban is known for its extreme interpretation of the Sharia law - Islam's legal system which is based on the Quaran and teachings from scholars. It acts as a code of conduct for Muslims but some interpretations mean women can be treated harshly in terms of what they wear and what they are seen as being allowed to do" (13-14).
Variables: DTCP-LAW-1
"The Taliban is known for its extreme interpretation of the Sharia law - Islam's legal system which is based on the Quaran and teachings from scholars. It acts as a code of conduct for Muslims but some interpretations mean women can be treated harshly in terms of what they wear and what they are seen as being allowed to do" (13-14).
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1, ASR-LAW-1
"[A] source with Taliban leadership ties told the Guardian that even if practical barriers to women entering higher education are removed, the authorities are considering limiting them to degrees in healthcare and education" (para 12).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1, ASR-LAW-1
"[A] source with Taliban leadership ties told the Guardian that even if practical barriers to women entering higher education are removed, the authorities are considering limiting them to degrees in healthcare and education" (para 12).
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas. The women, students at Badakhshan University in northeastern Afghanistan, said they were beaten by Taliban officials from the Ministry of Virtue and Vice for wearing hijabs - headscarves - instead of burkas. In a video posted on social media today, one of the Taliban government's guards can be seen chasing after the students with a whip and lashing them to disperse them. The footage shows dozens of women standing outside the university gates holding books and other school supplies as men are able...more
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1
"Shocking footage shows female Afghan students being whipped by a Taliban official after they were barred from entering their university campus because they were not wearing burkas. The women, students at Badakhshan University in northeastern Afghanistan, said they were beaten by Taliban officials from the Ministry of Virtue and Vice for wearing hijabs - headscarves - instead of burkas. In a video posted on social media today, one of the Taliban government's guards can be seen chasing after the students with a whip and lashing them to disperse them. The footage shows dozens of women standing outside the university gates holding books and other school supplies as men are able...more
Sept. 6, 2023, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: AFE-LAW-1
"Public universities reopened for female students in February - nearly six months after the Taliban took control of the country - but with strict dress regulations and segregated teaching for men and women. Secondary education for girls is still banned in the country, meaning that soon women will not have the qualifications needed to enrol in higher education…[A] source with Taliban leadership ties told the Guardian that even if practical barriers to women entering higher education are removed, the authorities are considering limiting them to degrees in healthcare and education. The Taliban is known for its extreme interpretation of the Sharia law - Islam's legal system which is based on...more
Variables: AFE-LAW-1
"Public universities reopened for female students in February - nearly six months after the Taliban took control of the country - but with strict dress regulations and segregated teaching for men and women. Secondary education for girls is still banned in the country, meaning that soon women will not have the qualifications needed to enrol in higher education…[A] source with Taliban leadership ties told the Guardian that even if practical barriers to women entering higher education are removed, the authorities are considering limiting them to degrees in healthcare and education. The Taliban is known for its extreme interpretation of the Sharia law - Islam's legal system which is based on...more
Aug. 31, 2023, 10:17 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-4
"Among the police forces, which have been the focus of diversification efforts for years, women still make up only 2.8 percent of employees" (para 8).
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-4
"Among the police forces, which have been the focus of diversification efforts for years, women still make up only 2.8 percent of employees" (para 8).
Aug. 31, 2023, 10:12 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: GEW-PRACTICE-1
"The revised Penal Code, which entered into force in February 2018, includes forms of conflict-related sexual violence as a war crime, crime against humanity and constitutive act of genocide. In August, UNAMA organized a dialogue with the Government, Afghan military and police forces, international military forces and the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission to develop strategies for combating impunity for sexual violence. Following the launch in May 2018 by UNAMA of a report, entitled 'Injustice and Impunity: Mediation of Criminal Offences of Violence against Women', the Ministry of Women’s Affairs established a technical committee to review the Elimination of Violence against Women Law of 2009 (see A/73/624-S/2018/1092) and align its...more
Variables: GEW-PRACTICE-1
"The revised Penal Code, which entered into force in February 2018, includes forms of conflict-related sexual violence as a war crime, crime against humanity and constitutive act of genocide. In August, UNAMA organized a dialogue with the Government, Afghan military and police forces, international military forces and the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission to develop strategies for combating impunity for sexual violence. Following the launch in May 2018 by UNAMA of a report, entitled 'Injustice and Impunity: Mediation of Criminal Offences of Violence against Women', the Ministry of Women’s Affairs established a technical committee to review the Elimination of Violence against Women Law of 2009 (see A/73/624-S/2018/1092) and align its...more
Aug. 31, 2023, 10:08 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-2
" In 2018, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) documented 37 cases of sexual violence against women and girls. Five rapes and one forced marriage were verified as having been committed by parties to the conflict, including members of the Taliban and an unidentified illegal armed group" (10).
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-2
" In 2018, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) documented 37 cases of sexual violence against women and girls. Five rapes and one forced marriage were verified as having been committed by parties to the conflict, including members of the Taliban and an unidentified illegal armed group" (10).
Aug. 31, 2023, 10 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2
"The EVAW law, decreed by then-President Hamid Karzai in 2009 and reconfirmed by President Ashraf Ghani in 2018, makes 22 acts of abuse toward women criminal offenses, including rape, battery, forced marriage, preventing women from acquiring property, and prohibiting a woman or girl from going to school or work" (para 6). "Despite the gains since 2009, full implementation of the EVAW law remains elusive, with all actors involved—including police, prosecutors, and judges—often deterring women from filing complaints and pressing them to seek meditation within their family instead. Family pressure, financial dependence, stigma associated with filing a complaint, and fear of reprisals, including losing their children, have also deterred women from...more
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2
"The EVAW law, decreed by then-President Hamid Karzai in 2009 and reconfirmed by President Ashraf Ghani in 2018, makes 22 acts of abuse toward women criminal offenses, including rape, battery, forced marriage, preventing women from acquiring property, and prohibiting a woman or girl from going to school or work" (para 6). "Despite the gains since 2009, full implementation of the EVAW law remains elusive, with all actors involved—including police, prosecutors, and judges—often deterring women from filing complaints and pressing them to seek meditation within their family instead. Family pressure, financial dependence, stigma associated with filing a complaint, and fear of reprisals, including losing their children, have also deterred women from...more
Aug. 31, 2023, 9:55 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-4
"When the Taliban took over, there were nearly 4,000 women police officers in the country, most of whom lost their jobs. A fraction were retained to manage women’s prisons... The Taliban has maintained a very small number of women as security officials" (para 15).
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-4
"When the Taliban took over, there were nearly 4,000 women police officers in the country, most of whom lost their jobs. A fraction were retained to manage women’s prisons... The Taliban has maintained a very small number of women as security officials" (para 15).
Aug. 31, 2023, 9:49 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: DMW-PRACTICE-2
"Marriage is a critical rite of passage in Afghanistan" (para 2).
Variables: DMW-PRACTICE-2
"Marriage is a critical rite of passage in Afghanistan" (para 2).
Aug. 31, 2023, 9:43 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: PPWA-DATA-1
"44% of pregnant women are anemic in this country" (1).
Variables: PPWA-DATA-1
"44% of pregnant women are anemic in this country" (1).
Aug. 31, 2023, 9:39 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: ATFPA-LAW-1
"A woman can be head of household in the same way as a man."
Variables: ATFPA-LAW-1
"A woman can be head of household in the same way as a man."
Aug. 31, 2023, 9:36 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: IAW-LAW-2
"Widows are often forced by their late husband’s relatives to marry one of her late husband’s brothers or other male relatives (e.g. cousins), denying widows’ the right to inheritance after the death of her husband and ensuring all inheritance and the widow are kept within the family or tribe" (52).
Variables: IAW-LAW-2
"Widows are often forced by their late husband’s relatives to marry one of her late husband’s brothers or other male relatives (e.g. cousins), denying widows’ the right to inheritance after the death of her husband and ensuring all inheritance and the widow are kept within the family or tribe" (52).