Latest items for Bahrain
April 15, 2026, 10:13 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-2
"According to Islamic Sharia Law, incest is regarded as any sexual acts between intimate family members who are not allowed to marry, regardless of the individuals’ ages or consent. Most incest instances are reported to involve fathers and daughters. Additionally, brother-sister relationships are common but rarely reported since the victims are afraid of their families’ reactions and views and assume that no one will believe them (Nita A. 2009). Further research in that area is necessary because the current results do not accurately reflect the actual situation. It is questionable who should file a complaint when a family member sexually assaults a minor female, especially if the parent or guardian...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-2
"According to Islamic Sharia Law, incest is regarded as any sexual acts between intimate family members who are not allowed to marry, regardless of the individuals’ ages or consent. Most incest instances are reported to involve fathers and daughters. Additionally, brother-sister relationships are common but rarely reported since the victims are afraid of their families’ reactions and views and assume that no one will believe them (Nita A. 2009). Further research in that area is necessary because the current results do not accurately reflect the actual situation. It is questionable who should file a complaint when a family member sexually assaults a minor female, especially if the parent or guardian...more
April 15, 2026, 10:13 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Marriage in Islam is based on kindness and equity, compassion and love, sympathy and consideration, patience, and goodwill, and in most Islamic countries, it is impossible to define rape in the context of marriage even if it occurs since there is a religious and cultural presumption that marriages are peaceful because husbands and wives always agree. Accordingly, marital rape is not defined in Bahrain’s penal law"(para 28).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Marriage in Islam is based on kindness and equity, compassion and love, sympathy and consideration, patience, and goodwill, and in most Islamic countries, it is impossible to define rape in the context of marriage even if it occurs since there is a religious and cultural presumption that marriages are peaceful because husbands and wives always agree. Accordingly, marital rape is not defined in Bahrain’s penal law"(para 28).
April 15, 2026, 10:13 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"marital rape is not defined in Bahrain’s penal law"(para 28).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"marital rape is not defined in Bahrain’s penal law"(para 28).
April 15, 2026, 9:11 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law does not address spousal rape. Penalties for rape include life imprisonment and execution in cases where the victim is a minor younger than 16, if the rapist is the custodian or guardian of the victim, or when the rape leads to the victim’s death."
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law does not address spousal rape. Penalties for rape include life imprisonment and execution in cases where the victim is a minor younger than 16, if the rapist is the custodian or guardian of the victim, or when the rape leads to the victim’s death."
April 15, 2026, 8:53 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"This term is not defined because marital rape is not criminalized in the Kingdom of Bahrain."(para 11).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"This term is not defined because marital rape is not criminalized in the Kingdom of Bahrain."(para 11).
April 15, 2026, 8:46 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The Penal Code includes sanctions against acts of domestic violence but does not criminalize marital rape. Honor crimes continue to receive mitigated sentences under the Penal Code, which also exempts a rapist for punishment if he marries his victim."(para 9).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The Penal Code includes sanctions against acts of domestic violence but does not criminalize marital rape. Honor crimes continue to receive mitigated sentences under the Penal Code, which also exempts a rapist for punishment if he marries his victim."(para 9).
April 13, 2026, 4:57 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: SUICIDE-PRACTICE-1
"According to court documents, the man [36-year-old Bahraini man threatening a Bahraini woman] threatened to share naked photos of her [40-year-old Bahraini woman] if she did not engage in sexual acts with him. He also threatened to send the pictures to her husband. The distressed Bahraini woman informed her husband about the threats before committing suicide by hanging from the ceiling fan of their home, in the presence of her four children, aged between three and 14" (para 4-6). This information shows the presence of coercion and pressure on Bahraini women to choose suicide as a means of avoiding shame/ further punishment, even in situations in which they are the...more
Variables: SUICIDE-PRACTICE-1
"According to court documents, the man [36-year-old Bahraini man threatening a Bahraini woman] threatened to share naked photos of her [40-year-old Bahraini woman] if she did not engage in sexual acts with him. He also threatened to send the pictures to her husband. The distressed Bahraini woman informed her husband about the threats before committing suicide by hanging from the ceiling fan of their home, in the presence of her four children, aged between three and 14" (para 4-6). This information shows the presence of coercion and pressure on Bahraini women to choose suicide as a means of avoiding shame/ further punishment, even in situations in which they are the...more
April 13, 2026, 4:38 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: SUICIDE-PRACTICE-1
"A BAHRAINI woman committed suicide reportedly after her plea for divorce was rejected by a court, it has emerged. Eman Alwahed Alamer from Sitra was found hanging in the kitchen of her husband Hussain Abdulnabi’s home in Al Qarya early on Monday morning. According to sources close to the family, the 22-year-old had filed for divorce alleging physical and psychological abuse at home" (para 1-2). This information shows that suicide is used as a response to domestic violence and as a means of escape in response to no access to divorce (MR-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: SUICIDE-PRACTICE-1
"A BAHRAINI woman committed suicide reportedly after her plea for divorce was rejected by a court, it has emerged. Eman Alwahed Alamer from Sitra was found hanging in the kitchen of her husband Hussain Abdulnabi’s home in Al Qarya early on Monday morning. According to sources close to the family, the 22-year-old had filed for divorce alleging physical and psychological abuse at home" (para 1-2). This information shows that suicide is used as a response to domestic violence and as a means of escape in response to no access to divorce (MR-CODER COMMENT).
April 6, 2026, 9:43 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Having sexual intercourse with a female without her consent is punishable by way of life imprisonment and/or the death penalty if the victim is less than 16 years old" (para 22).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Having sexual intercourse with a female without her consent is punishable by way of life imprisonment and/or the death penalty if the victim is less than 16 years old" (para 22).
April 6, 2026, 1:38 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Sexual and domestic violence are perpetuated in law and practice, as: Spousal rape is not considered a crime... Non-marital rape marriage refers to the fact that while rape outside marrige is a crime with punishment of life in prison, Article No.353 of the Penal Code exempts those who commit rape from punishment if they marry their victim. A rapist may escape his crime, since in most cases, women are forced by their family to marry their rapist in fear of 'shame' or 'dishonour' among social circles. Also, Bahrain’s penal code criminalises adultery and sexual relations outside marriage, which disproportionately harms women" (10).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Sexual and domestic violence are perpetuated in law and practice, as: Spousal rape is not considered a crime... Non-marital rape marriage refers to the fact that while rape outside marrige is a crime with punishment of life in prison, Article No.353 of the Penal Code exempts those who commit rape from punishment if they marry their victim. A rapist may escape his crime, since in most cases, women are forced by their family to marry their rapist in fear of 'shame' or 'dishonour' among social circles. Also, Bahrain’s penal code criminalises adultery and sexual relations outside marriage, which disproportionately harms women" (10).
April 6, 2026, 12:22 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2
"Bahrain is a Muslim country and as such there are several things to note when reporting a rape and/or sexual assault to the police. Sexual relationships outside of marriage are illegal. Therefore, the biggest risk for a survivor who chooses to report a rape and/or sexual assault to the police is the perpetrator filing a counter-claim against them. Homosexuality is not actually a crime in the Bahrain penal code, but you should be prepared to face officers who may respond as if it is. Drinking alcohol is not a crime, but blatant public intoxication is. Regarding Muslims, a harsher punishment is not applicable and they will be dealt with in...more
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2
"Bahrain is a Muslim country and as such there are several things to note when reporting a rape and/or sexual assault to the police. Sexual relationships outside of marriage are illegal. Therefore, the biggest risk for a survivor who chooses to report a rape and/or sexual assault to the police is the perpetrator filing a counter-claim against them. Homosexuality is not actually a crime in the Bahrain penal code, but you should be prepared to face officers who may respond as if it is. Drinking alcohol is not a crime, but blatant public intoxication is. Regarding Muslims, a harsher punishment is not applicable and they will be dealt with in...more
April 6, 2026, 12:01 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"On June 26, the king signed legislation to repeal a penal code provision that had allowed rapists to evade criminal prosecution if they agreed to marry their victims. Regional media reported the change was welcomed by women’s rights activists, who had fought for years to eliminate the provision" (34).
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"On June 26, the king signed legislation to repeal a penal code provision that had allowed rapists to evade criminal prosecution if they agreed to marry their victims. Regional media reported the change was welcomed by women’s rights activists, who had fought for years to eliminate the provision" (34).
April 6, 2026, 11:59 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Rape, including of men, was illegal. The law did not address spousal rape. Penalties for rape included life imprisonment or execution when the survivor was younger than age 16, the rapist was the survivor’s custodian or guardian, or the rape caused death. The government enforced this law" (34).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Rape, including of men, was illegal. The law did not address spousal rape. Penalties for rape included life imprisonment or execution when the survivor was younger than age 16, the rapist was the survivor’s custodian or guardian, or the rape caused death. The government enforced this law" (34).
April 6, 2026, 11:49 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"On 28 June, the Kingdom of Bahrain officially abolished a 'controversial' law that had allowed rapists to escape prosecutions if they agreed to marry their victims. The scrapped Article 353 of the 1976 Penal Code of Bahrain stated that 'no penalty shall be imposed on a person who commits one of the (sexual) crimes stipulated in the preceding articles if a valid marriage is concluded between him and the victim'. It also stated that 'if a final judgment is issued against him before the marriage contract is concluded, its execution shall be suspended, and its side effects shall end'" (para 1-3).
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"On 28 June, the Kingdom of Bahrain officially abolished a 'controversial' law that had allowed rapists to escape prosecutions if they agreed to marry their victims. The scrapped Article 353 of the 1976 Penal Code of Bahrain stated that 'no penalty shall be imposed on a person who commits one of the (sexual) crimes stipulated in the preceding articles if a valid marriage is concluded between him and the victim'. It also stated that 'if a final judgment is issued against him before the marriage contract is concluded, its execution shall be suspended, and its side effects shall end'" (para 1-3).
April 3, 2026, 2:49 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: MURDER-DATA-4
According to the World Bank, in 2022, the female murder rate was 0.3 per 100,000 females in Bahrain.
Variables: MURDER-DATA-4
According to the World Bank, in 2022, the female murder rate was 0.3 per 100,000 females in Bahrain.
Feb. 12, 2026, 3:52 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bolivia, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Costa Rica, D R Congo, East Timor, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Nepal, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: DV-SCALE-1
4
Variables: DV-SCALE-1
4
Feb. 8, 2026, 6:58 p.m.
Countries: Angola, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Venezuela
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"The report [by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)] reveals that in 20 countries or territories such as Angola, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, and Venezuela the so-called 'marry-your-rapist' laws still continue" (para 10).
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"The report [by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)] reveals that in 20 countries or territories such as Angola, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, and Venezuela the so-called 'marry-your-rapist' laws still continue" (para 10).
Feb. 8, 2026, 6:15 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Cameroon, Iraq, Kuwait, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Thailand
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"[M]any countries continue to have the so-called 'marry your rapist' laws, namely, laws that enable perpetrators to marry their victims and so avoid any penalties for their crime. Indeed, in April 2021, the U.N. Population Fund published a report indicating that this is still the case even today in Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Tajikistan and Thailand, Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, among others" (para 5).
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"[M]any countries continue to have the so-called 'marry your rapist' laws, namely, laws that enable perpetrators to marry their victims and so avoid any penalties for their crime. Indeed, in April 2021, the U.N. Population Fund published a report indicating that this is still the case even today in Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Tajikistan and Thailand, Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, among others" (para 5).
Feb. 8, 2026, 5:07 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bolivia, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Kuwait, Libya, Palestine, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Venezuela
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"But 'marry-your-rapist' laws still exist in Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bolivia, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gaza, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga and Venezuela, according to NGO Equality Now" (para 13).
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"But 'marry-your-rapist' laws still exist in Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bolivia, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gaza, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga and Venezuela, according to NGO Equality Now" (para 13).
Jan. 29, 2026, 9:44 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cameroon, Central African Rep, Chad, Chile, D R Congo, Egypt, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iraq, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Vanuatu
Variables: LO-SCALE-3
3
Variables: LO-SCALE-3
3
Jan. 29, 2026, 9:43 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brunei, Burundi, Comoros, Cote D'Ivoire, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Oman, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia
Variables: LO-SCALE-2
2
Variables: LO-SCALE-2
2
Jan. 29, 2026, 9:38 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma/Myanmar, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Greece, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Laos, Libya, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Nicaragua, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen
Variables: LO-SCALE-1
1
Variables: LO-SCALE-1
1
Jan. 20, 2026, 1:13 a.m.
Countries: Algeria, Angola, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Rep, Chad, Chile, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, D R Congo, Djibouti, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad/Tobago, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United States, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zimbabwe
Variables: ABO-SCALE-1
3
Variables: ABO-SCALE-1
3
Jan. 1, 2026, 2:04 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: DV-DATA-1
"An alarmingly high rate of abuse against Bahraini women was observed, with IPV prevalence in the study cohort amounting to 71.11%" (2895).
Variables: DV-DATA-1
"An alarmingly high rate of abuse against Bahraini women was observed, with IPV prevalence in the study cohort amounting to 71.11%" (2895).
Nov. 20, 2025, 5:57 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"ny doctor may not prescribe a medicine with the intention of aborting a pregnant woman, or performing abortion operation unless, the continuation of the pregnancy is threatening the life of the pregnant woman. Provided that, this shall be decided by three consultant doctors authorized to practice in Bahrain. In this case, the abortion operation must be performed, or a medicine shall be prescribed with the intention of abortion in a government or an authorized private hospital by a Gynecologist and after the approval of the person in charge of the pregnant woman" (6).
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"ny doctor may not prescribe a medicine with the intention of aborting a pregnant woman, or performing abortion operation unless, the continuation of the pregnancy is threatening the life of the pregnant woman. Provided that, this shall be decided by three consultant doctors authorized to practice in Bahrain. In this case, the abortion operation must be performed, or a medicine shall be prescribed with the intention of abortion in a government or an authorized private hospital by a Gynecologist and after the approval of the person in charge of the pregnant woman" (6).
Nov. 20, 2025, 5:52 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"Women’s reproductive autonomy can be restricted by laws that prohibit the access to safe and legal abortion under essential circumstances (in cases of rape, incest, threats to the life or health of the pregnant woman and severe foetal impairment).Evidence shows that the share of unsafe abortions is higher in countries with restrictive abortion laws. Unsafe abortions are a leading but preventable cause of maternal mortality and millions of girls and women are hospitalised every year following complications of unsafe abortion procedures. Article 321 and 322 of the Penal Code, as amended, criminalise abortion under any circumstances. However, Article 18 of the law on the practice of medical and dental professions...more
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"Women’s reproductive autonomy can be restricted by laws that prohibit the access to safe and legal abortion under essential circumstances (in cases of rape, incest, threats to the life or health of the pregnant woman and severe foetal impairment).Evidence shows that the share of unsafe abortions is higher in countries with restrictive abortion laws. Unsafe abortions are a leading but preventable cause of maternal mortality and millions of girls and women are hospitalised every year following complications of unsafe abortion procedures. Article 321 and 322 of the Penal Code, as amended, criminalise abortion under any circumstances. However, Article 18 of the law on the practice of medical and dental professions...more
Nov. 7, 2025, 9:51 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"The Committee would be interested to know whether the State party would consider decriminalizing abortion and expanding the grounds on which abortion was permitted to include cases where the fetus was seriously malformed or the pregnancy resulted from incest or rape" (3).
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"The Committee would be interested to know whether the State party would consider decriminalizing abortion and expanding the grounds on which abortion was permitted to include cases where the fetus was seriously malformed or the pregnancy resulted from incest or rape" (3).
Nov. 7, 2025, 9:46 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"Abortion is criminalized under article 321 of the Penal Code; a doctor may perform an abortion only if the woman’s life is at risk; and the draft law on abortion currently being considered in parliament decriminalizes abortion only in cases where the fetus is malformed, but not in cases of rape or incest" (11).
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"Abortion is criminalized under article 321 of the Penal Code; a doctor may perform an abortion only if the woman’s life is at risk; and the draft law on abortion currently being considered in parliament decriminalizes abortion only in cases where the fetus is malformed, but not in cases of rape or incest" (11).
Nov. 3, 2025, 1:49 p.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
The Center for Reproductive Rights states that Bahrain's laws permit abortion when required to save the mother's life.
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
The Center for Reproductive Rights states that Bahrain's laws permit abortion when required to save the mother's life.
Sept. 4, 2025, 12:23 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad/Tobago, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: AFE-SCALE-1
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Variables: AFE-SCALE-1
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