Latest items for Botswana
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-7
“In recent years, Botswana has enjoyed significant progress towards a more just and equitable family law. A key step towards this progress was the enactment of the Abolition of Marital Power Act 2004. Prior to this Act, the common law dictated that concluding a civil marriage (whether in or out of community of property) vested husbands with marital power. Marital power designated men heads of the family unit, exclusively charged with decision-making power in the family. It also stripped married women of their legal capacity. Instead, their husbands had complete control of the legal personhood of the wife, joint property and even the wife’s property if they were married in...more
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-7
“In recent years, Botswana has enjoyed significant progress towards a more just and equitable family law. A key step towards this progress was the enactment of the Abolition of Marital Power Act 2004. Prior to this Act, the common law dictated that concluding a civil marriage (whether in or out of community of property) vested husbands with marital power. Marital power designated men heads of the family unit, exclusively charged with decision-making power in the family. It also stripped married women of their legal capacity. Instead, their husbands had complete control of the legal personhood of the wife, joint property and even the wife’s property if they were married in...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-4
“Marriage in Botswana remains reserved for heterosexual couples. Same-sex partners cannot conclude marriages, civil unions, or form permanent life partnerships. As a result, these partners do not enjoy equal protection of the law. However, the High Court in 2019 decriminalised same-sex sexual relations and the Court of Appealconfirmed this decision in 2021. Notably, the High Court held that the word “sex” in Section 3 of the Constitution should be interpreted to include sexual orientation, effectively creating a constitution imperative to protect persons from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. The Botswana Democratic Party, currently the ruling party, and the President of Botswana have expressed their support for this decision....more
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-4
“Marriage in Botswana remains reserved for heterosexual couples. Same-sex partners cannot conclude marriages, civil unions, or form permanent life partnerships. As a result, these partners do not enjoy equal protection of the law. However, the High Court in 2019 decriminalised same-sex sexual relations and the Court of Appealconfirmed this decision in 2021. Notably, the High Court held that the word “sex” in Section 3 of the Constitution should be interpreted to include sexual orientation, effectively creating a constitution imperative to protect persons from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. The Botswana Democratic Party, currently the ruling party, and the President of Botswana have expressed their support for this decision....more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: MARR-LAW-5
“Customary marriages are recognised in many countries such as Nigeria and South Sudan, and the registration of customary marriages is also increasingly widespread with registration possible in a number of countries including: Algeria, Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya and South Africa” (9).
Variables: MARR-LAW-5
“Customary marriages are recognised in many countries such as Nigeria and South Sudan, and the registration of customary marriages is also increasingly widespread with registration possible in a number of countries including: Algeria, Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya and South Africa” (9).
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1, MARR-LAW-1
“The Children’s Act 2009 has, besides conferring for the first time explicit rights on children, also contributed to the reform of family law in general. The Children’s Act prohibits forced marriages of children and the Marriage Act 2001 sets the minimum age of marriage at 18 years, without any exception. However, customary and religious marriages are excluded from the scope of the Marriage Act. Previously, the general rules were that custody of children of tender age should be given to the mother, custody of a son should be given to a father and that of a daughter to the mother and custody of a child should not be given to...more
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1, MARR-LAW-1
“The Children’s Act 2009 has, besides conferring for the first time explicit rights on children, also contributed to the reform of family law in general. The Children’s Act prohibits forced marriages of children and the Marriage Act 2001 sets the minimum age of marriage at 18 years, without any exception. However, customary and religious marriages are excluded from the scope of the Marriage Act. Previously, the general rules were that custody of children of tender age should be given to the mother, custody of a son should be given to a father and that of a daughter to the mother and custody of a child should not be given to...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LO-PRACTICE-1
“Spousal consent is required for certain legal transactions, such as the disposal of jointly owned property where the marriage is in community of property, but since this requirement applies equally to husbands and wives, it acts as a protective mechanism for women who were previously disenfranchised without their knowledge in countries such as Botswana and Kenya” (17). “Women married out of community of property are at a further disadvantage. In Botswana, the economically weaker spouse (generally the wife) will be greatly disadvantaged if during the marriage she had, for example, spent her time looking after the family, household and children while her husband worked. Despite her contribution to the joint...more
Variables: LO-PRACTICE-1
“Spousal consent is required for certain legal transactions, such as the disposal of jointly owned property where the marriage is in community of property, but since this requirement applies equally to husbands and wives, it acts as a protective mechanism for women who were previously disenfranchised without their knowledge in countries such as Botswana and Kenya” (17). “Women married out of community of property are at a further disadvantage. In Botswana, the economically weaker spouse (generally the wife) will be greatly disadvantaged if during the marriage she had, for example, spent her time looking after the family, household and children while her husband worked. Despite her contribution to the joint...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LO-LAW-1
“Spousal consent is required for certain legal transactions, such as the disposal of jointly owned property where the marriage is in community of property, but since this requirement applies equally to husbands and wives, it acts as a protective mechanism for women who were previously disenfranchised without their knowledge in countries such as Botswana and Kenya” (17). “Women married out of community of property are at a further disadvantage. In Botswana, the economically weaker spouse (generally the wife) will be greatly disadvantaged if during the marriage she had, for example, spent her time looking after the family, household and children while her husband worked. Despite her contribution to the joint...more
Variables: LO-LAW-1
“Spousal consent is required for certain legal transactions, such as the disposal of jointly owned property where the marriage is in community of property, but since this requirement applies equally to husbands and wives, it acts as a protective mechanism for women who were previously disenfranchised without their knowledge in countries such as Botswana and Kenya” (17). “Women married out of community of property are at a further disadvantage. In Botswana, the economically weaker spouse (generally the wife) will be greatly disadvantaged if during the marriage she had, for example, spent her time looking after the family, household and children while her husband worked. Despite her contribution to the joint...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: IW-LAW-1
“Customary law has not escaped the reform process. Tswana law previously prescribed that the family be inherited by either the youngest or oldest. TheHigh Court,confirmed by the Court of Appeal, ruled in Mmusi vs Ramantele that this law was unconstitutional and contrary to obligations contained in international conventions such as CEDAW. Women are thus able to inherit equally in customary law and male primogeniture has been declared unconstitutional” (37).
Variables: IW-LAW-1
“Customary law has not escaped the reform process. Tswana law previously prescribed that the family be inherited by either the youngest or oldest. TheHigh Court,confirmed by the Court of Appeal, ruled in Mmusi vs Ramantele that this law was unconstitutional and contrary to obligations contained in international conventions such as CEDAW. Women are thus able to inherit equally in customary law and male primogeniture has been declared unconstitutional” (37).
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: IAW-PRACTICE-1, IAW-LAW-1
“In many countries,women are now entitled to equal inheritance rights. Male primogeniture has been declared unconstitutional in countries such as Botswana and Kenya. Law reform has also seen the equal inheritance of women prescribed in constitutions and statutory succession legislations in countries such as in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, and The Gambia” (16). “Spousal consent is required for certain legal transactions, such as the disposal of jointly owned property where the marriage is in community of property, but since this requirement applies equally to husbands and wives, it acts as a protective mechanism for women who were previously disenfranchised without their knowledge in countries such as...more
Variables: IAW-PRACTICE-1, IAW-LAW-1
“In many countries,women are now entitled to equal inheritance rights. Male primogeniture has been declared unconstitutional in countries such as Botswana and Kenya. Law reform has also seen the equal inheritance of women prescribed in constitutions and statutory succession legislations in countries such as in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, and The Gambia” (16). “Spousal consent is required for certain legal transactions, such as the disposal of jointly owned property where the marriage is in community of property, but since this requirement applies equally to husbands and wives, it acts as a protective mechanism for women who were previously disenfranchised without their knowledge in countries such as...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: DV-PRACTICE-1
“There have been notable reforms of laws on violence against women since the expansion of international legal standards for the protection of women from violence. In countries such as Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria and The Gambia, there are extensive legislative steps to combat violence against women. Botswana has gone a step further and has established special courts to increase the speed of the State’s response to violence against women” (13). DV-PRACTICE-1 “Finally, Botswana has taken positive steps to combat violence against women, such as adopting the Domestic Violence Act 2008 to allow civil and customary courts to issue protection orders as well as the National Gender-Based Violence Strategy 2015-2020, a multisectoral...more
Variables: DV-PRACTICE-1
“There have been notable reforms of laws on violence against women since the expansion of international legal standards for the protection of women from violence. In countries such as Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria and The Gambia, there are extensive legislative steps to combat violence against women. Botswana has gone a step further and has established special courts to increase the speed of the State’s response to violence against women” (13). DV-PRACTICE-1 “Finally, Botswana has taken positive steps to combat violence against women, such as adopting the Domestic Violence Act 2008 to allow civil and customary courts to issue protection orders as well as the National Gender-Based Violence Strategy 2015-2020, a multisectoral...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: DTCP-LAW-1
“Customary marriages are recognised in many countries such as Nigeria and South Sudan, and the registration of customary marriages is also increasingly widespread with registration possible in a number of countries including: Algeria, Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya and South Africa” (9). “The Children’s Act 2009 has, besides conferring for the first time explicit rights on children, also contributed to the reform of family law in general. The Children’s Act prohibits forced marriages of children and the Marriage Act 2001 sets the minimum age of marriage at 18 years, without any exception. However, customary and religious marriages are excluded from the scope of the Marriage Act. Previously, the general rules were that...more
Variables: DTCP-LAW-1
“Customary marriages are recognised in many countries such as Nigeria and South Sudan, and the registration of customary marriages is also increasingly widespread with registration possible in a number of countries including: Algeria, Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya and South Africa” (9). “The Children’s Act 2009 has, besides conferring for the first time explicit rights on children, also contributed to the reform of family law in general. The Children’s Act prohibits forced marriages of children and the Marriage Act 2001 sets the minimum age of marriage at 18 years, without any exception. However, customary and religious marriages are excluded from the scope of the Marriage Act. Previously, the general rules were that...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: CUST-LAW-1
“Increasingly reformed Children’s Acts now ensure guardianship rights for both parents, whether married or unmarried, a presumption of joint, shared custody and the child’s right to know and be cared for by both biological parents. This goes a long way to ensuring equality in parental relations, as required by the Maputo Protocol. Such countries are Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique and Senegal” (15). “The Children’s Act 2009 has, besides conferring for the first time explicit rights on children, also contributed to the reform of family law in general. The Children’s Act prohibits forced marriages of children and the Marriage Act 2001 sets the...more
Variables: CUST-LAW-1
“Increasingly reformed Children’s Acts now ensure guardianship rights for both parents, whether married or unmarried, a presumption of joint, shared custody and the child’s right to know and be cared for by both biological parents. This goes a long way to ensuring equality in parental relations, as required by the Maputo Protocol. Such countries are Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique and Senegal” (15). “The Children’s Act 2009 has, besides conferring for the first time explicit rights on children, also contributed to the reform of family law in general. The Children’s Act prohibits forced marriages of children and the Marriage Act 2001 sets the...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
CONST-LAW-1 “The Constitution of the Republic of Botswana contains no reference to families, though it does guarantee protection from discrimination, including discrimination on the grounds of sex. Family law in Botswana is governed through statute, the Roman Dutch common law and customary law. Historically, these sources of law have been deeply patriarchal and have functioned to entrench intra-familial inequality. Fortunately, in recent years Botswana has embarked upon a process of progressive law reform, though the State remains largely politically conservative and many citizens continue to live in rural contexts governed mostly by application of customary law rather than progressive legislation” (36).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
CONST-LAW-1 “The Constitution of the Republic of Botswana contains no reference to families, though it does guarantee protection from discrimination, including discrimination on the grounds of sex. Family law in Botswana is governed through statute, the Roman Dutch common law and customary law. Historically, these sources of law have been deeply patriarchal and have functioned to entrench intra-familial inequality. Fortunately, in recent years Botswana has embarked upon a process of progressive law reform, though the State remains largely politically conservative and many citizens continue to live in rural contexts governed mostly by application of customary law rather than progressive legislation” (36).
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: ATC-DATA-5
“While not officially updated on the AU Website, Botswana ratified in October 2023 and deposited its Instrument of Accession with the AU in December 2023 African Charter 17 July 1986” (36).
Variables: ATC-DATA-5
“While not officially updated on the AU Website, Botswana ratified in October 2023 and deposited its Instrument of Accession with the AU in December 2023 African Charter 17 July 1986” (36).
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: ATC-DATA-2
“None” (36).
Variables: ATC-DATA-2
“None” (36).
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: ATC-DATA-1
“13 August 1996” (36).
Variables: ATC-DATA-1
“13 August 1996” (36).
Aug. 9, 2026, 7:07 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
“Nearly 70% of women in the southern African country have experienced physical or sexual abuse - more than double the global average, according to the United Nations Population Fund (UNPF)” (para 6).
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
“Nearly 70% of women in the southern African country have experienced physical or sexual abuse - more than double the global average, according to the United Nations Population Fund (UNPF)” (para 6).
July 29, 2026, 7:31 a.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: SUICIDE-PRACTICE-1
"Suicidal ideation and behavior represent severe mental health consequences of GBV. Metaanalytic evidence indicates that GBV survivors have approximately 2-3 times higher suicide risk than non-abused women (Devries et al., 2013). The hopelessness, entrapment, and psychological pain associated with ongoing abuse, combined with depression and PTSD, create conditions conducive to suicidal thinking. In Botswana's context, where mental health services are limited and stigma around both GBV and mental illness is high, many survivors suffer silently without accessing potentially life-saving interventions" (20).
Variables: SUICIDE-PRACTICE-1
"Suicidal ideation and behavior represent severe mental health consequences of GBV. Metaanalytic evidence indicates that GBV survivors have approximately 2-3 times higher suicide risk than non-abused women (Devries et al., 2013). The hopelessness, entrapment, and psychological pain associated with ongoing abuse, combined with depression and PTSD, create conditions conducive to suicidal thinking. In Botswana's context, where mental health services are limited and stigma around both GBV and mental illness is high, many survivors suffer silently without accessing potentially life-saving interventions" (20).
July 12, 2026, 11:55 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The draft Domestic Violence Bill that was produced by the women’s Non–Governmental Organisations’ (NGO) coalition specifically prohibited marital rape but the provision was dropped by Parliament due to public pressure. The provision on marital rape was also dropped due to the non-criminalisation of marital rape, which would have made the DVA Botswana incompatible with the Penal Code. The decision to drop marital rape from the DVA Botswana denied marital rape legal recognition therefore, leaving married women with very little legal protection against marital rape" (19)."Section 3(a) of the Constitution which provides that every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The draft Domestic Violence Bill that was produced by the women’s Non–Governmental Organisations’ (NGO) coalition specifically prohibited marital rape but the provision was dropped by Parliament due to public pressure. The provision on marital rape was also dropped due to the non-criminalisation of marital rape, which would have made the DVA Botswana incompatible with the Penal Code. The decision to drop marital rape from the DVA Botswana denied marital rape legal recognition therefore, leaving married women with very little legal protection against marital rape" (19)."Section 3(a) of the Constitution which provides that every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to...more
July 12, 2026, 11:55 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
"However, the GBV Indicator Study Botswana cited one married [Botswanan] woman who relates her rape ordeal at the hands of her husband as follows: 'I was sleeping with my three children when my husband arrived. I was on my way to open the door when I heard a loud bang on the door … he was drunk and did not utter a word until we reached the bedroom. Just as I was climbing into bed he held me down and raped me and afterwards he told me to go back to my mother’s house … it was a painful experience.' A similar story by another married [Botswanan] woman is told...more
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
"However, the GBV Indicator Study Botswana cited one married [Botswanan] woman who relates her rape ordeal at the hands of her husband as follows: 'I was sleeping with my three children when my husband arrived. I was on my way to open the door when I heard a loud bang on the door … he was drunk and did not utter a word until we reached the bedroom. Just as I was climbing into bed he held me down and raped me and afterwards he told me to go back to my mother’s house … it was a painful experience.' A similar story by another married [Botswanan] woman is told...more
July 12, 2026, 11:49 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
"However, the GBV Indicator Study Botswana cited one married [Botswanan] woman who relates her rape ordeal at the hands of her husband as follows: 'I was sleeping with my three children when my husband arrived. I was on my way to open the door when I heard a loud bang on the door … he was drunk and did not utter a word until we reached the bedroom. Just as I was climbing into bed he held me down and raped me and afterwards he told me to go back to my mother’s house … it was a painful experience.' A similar story by another married [Botswanan] woman is told...more
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
"However, the GBV Indicator Study Botswana cited one married [Botswanan] woman who relates her rape ordeal at the hands of her husband as follows: 'I was sleeping with my three children when my husband arrived. I was on my way to open the door when I heard a loud bang on the door … he was drunk and did not utter a word until we reached the bedroom. Just as I was climbing into bed he held me down and raped me and afterwards he told me to go back to my mother’s house … it was a painful experience.' A similar story by another married [Botswanan] woman is told...more
July 12, 2026, 11:49 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"A senior police officer in the Botswana Police Service was also reported to have made utterances to the effect that ‘we as the Botswana Police Service cannot police in the bedroom’, suggesting that he and his colleagues do not deal with marital rape and therefore did not gather statistics that could inform the prevalence of marital rape in Botswana" (11). "t the law of Botswana recognises rape as a criminal offence but, as already alluded to, is silent on marital rape. This silence on marital rape in the law creates what some scholars view as legal impunity for men who rape their wives, thereby legitimising marital rape.38 The silence of...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"A senior police officer in the Botswana Police Service was also reported to have made utterances to the effect that ‘we as the Botswana Police Service cannot police in the bedroom’, suggesting that he and his colleagues do not deal with marital rape and therefore did not gather statistics that could inform the prevalence of marital rape in Botswana" (11). "t the law of Botswana recognises rape as a criminal offence but, as already alluded to, is silent on marital rape. This silence on marital rape in the law creates what some scholars view as legal impunity for men who rape their wives, thereby legitimising marital rape.38 The silence of...more
July 11, 2026, 10:27 a.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"'Issues of domestic abuse ... tend to get low priority in the courts, but ... government has to ensure they are treated urgently and the specialised courts are a step in the right direction,' said Moeti, 36, a teacher. 'Many people, particularly women, have lost their lives at the hands of abusers because justice takes too long to be served,' she added" (para 13-14).
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"'Issues of domestic abuse ... tend to get low priority in the courts, but ... government has to ensure they are treated urgently and the specialised courts are a step in the right direction,' said Moeti, 36, a teacher. 'Many people, particularly women, have lost their lives at the hands of abusers because justice takes too long to be served,' she added" (para 13-14).
July 11, 2026, 10:05 a.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"Botswana is grappling with a surge in violent crimes against women and girls, with reports of murder and rape emerging almost weekly since the start of 2026" (para 1).
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"Botswana is grappling with a surge in violent crimes against women and girls, with reports of murder and rape emerging almost weekly since the start of 2026" (para 1).
July 10, 2026, 9:01 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"Botswana Police Service Commissioner Dinah Marathe told reporters that 10 of the 25 murders recorded between Dec. 19 and Jan. 2 were related to gender-based violence" (para 2).
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"Botswana Police Service Commissioner Dinah Marathe told reporters that 10 of the 25 murders recorded between Dec. 19 and Jan. 2 were related to gender-based violence" (para 2).
June 30, 2026, 5:22 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape without specifying gender but did not recognize spousal rape as a crime. By law, formal courts tried all rape cases and the minimum sentence for rape was 10 years’ imprisonment" (13).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape without specifying gender but did not recognize spousal rape as a crime. By law, formal courts tried all rape cases and the minimum sentence for rape was 10 years’ imprisonment" (13).
June 30, 2026, 5:14 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"There are about 36 nations that have not made marital rape a crime. India is one among them. Others include Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Algeria, and Botswana" (para 12).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"There are about 36 nations that have not made marital rape a crime. India is one among them. Others include Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Algeria, and Botswana" (para 12).
June 30, 2026, 5:07 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Even though the Domestic Violence Act recognises that sexual violence can take place between married persons by defining domestic relationship to include a relationship between persons who are married to each other, it does not however criminalise marital rape. This is because according to section 6 of the Act, the proceedings under the Act are heard as a civil case between the parties. The Act does not create criminal offences as these are provided for under the Penal Code which however does not criminalise marital rape. The effectiveness of the Act therefore goes only as far as acknowledging that married couples can violate each other" (27).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Even though the Domestic Violence Act recognises that sexual violence can take place between married persons by defining domestic relationship to include a relationship between persons who are married to each other, it does not however criminalise marital rape. This is because according to section 6 of the Act, the proceedings under the Act are heard as a civil case between the parties. The Act does not create criminal offences as these are provided for under the Penal Code which however does not criminalise marital rape. The effectiveness of the Act therefore goes only as far as acknowledging that married couples can violate each other" (27).
June 30, 2026, 5:01 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape was not recognised as an offense under either the Botswana Penal Code or Domestic Violence Act" (para 68).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape was not recognised as an offense under either the Botswana Penal Code or Domestic Violence Act" (para 68).
June 30, 2026, 4:53 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In 2008, the Botswana Parliament passed the Domestic Violence Act to protect abused persons. Unfortunately, the Act does not address marital rape. . . The Domestic Violence Act recommends that marital rape needs to be recognised by Botswana Law" (301).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In 2008, the Botswana Parliament passed the Domestic Violence Act to protect abused persons. Unfortunately, the Act does not address marital rape. . . The Domestic Violence Act recommends that marital rape needs to be recognised by Botswana Law" (301).
June 30, 2026, 4:53 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-DATA-1
"There have been instances where a partner living with HIV has infected his or her partner. Having said that, there is still lack of data on monitoring and analysing gender issues because the Botswana Government has refused to sign the SADC Gender Protocol" (301).
Variables: LRCM-DATA-1
"There have been instances where a partner living with HIV has infected his or her partner. Having said that, there is still lack of data on monitoring and analysing gender issues because the Botswana Government has refused to sign the SADC Gender Protocol" (301).