Latest items for Cambodia
June 24, 2025, 9:07 a.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: AFE-DATA-1
The gender parity index (GPI) for gross secondary school enrollment (i.e. the ratio of gross enrollment of girls to gross enrollment of boys at the secondary level) is 1.14. This number was found by using the World Bank's data for secondary school gross enrollment for girls and boys. As of 2023, the gross enrollment rate for females is 64% while the gross enrollment rate for males is 56%. (CEC2 - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: AFE-DATA-1
The gender parity index (GPI) for gross secondary school enrollment (i.e. the ratio of gross enrollment of girls to gross enrollment of boys at the secondary level) is 1.14. This number was found by using the World Bank's data for secondary school gross enrollment for girls and boys. As of 2023, the gross enrollment rate for females is 64% while the gross enrollment rate for males is 56%. (CEC2 - CODER COMMENT).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LBHO-DATA-1
"[N]o increase in women parliamentarians occurred in the last election" (3). "The draft Cambodian Gender Assessment 2019 shows that women make up only 20.8% of the National Assembly and 19% of the Senate" (6).
Variables: LBHO-DATA-1
"[N]o increase in women parliamentarians occurred in the last election" (3). "The draft Cambodian Gender Assessment 2019 shows that women make up only 20.8% of the National Assembly and 19% of the Senate" (6).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"NGO-CEDAW held a focus group discussion in September 2019 in which sex workers confirmed that the practice of arresting and detaining persons for being a public nuisance is continuing despite much past criticism" (5). "[S]ex workers are still routinely arrested by police for allegedly causing public disorder and sent to the Prey Speu center, where they are imprisoned without criminal charges for up to 6 months. This center is also used to detain homeless persons, drug users, and/or those with mental disabilities. The conditions of detention are unhealthy with insufficient access to medical care and no opportunity to attend classes in literacy or vocational training" (5-6).
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"NGO-CEDAW held a focus group discussion in September 2019 in which sex workers confirmed that the practice of arresting and detaining persons for being a public nuisance is continuing despite much past criticism" (5). "[S]ex workers are still routinely arrested by police for allegedly causing public disorder and sent to the Prey Speu center, where they are imprisoned without criminal charges for up to 6 months. This center is also used to detain homeless persons, drug users, and/or those with mental disabilities. The conditions of detention are unhealthy with insufficient access to medical care and no opportunity to attend classes in literacy or vocational training" (5-6).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LBHO-LAW-2
"[T]he laws have not been amended to promote women… [and] temporary special measures are seldom used" (3). "The main barriers are… lack of laws setting quotas for women in key positions" (6).
Variables: LBHO-LAW-2
"[T]he laws have not been amended to promote women… [and] temporary special measures are seldom used" (3). "The main barriers are… lack of laws setting quotas for women in key positions" (6).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2
"Persistent beliefs that women are less capable than men and expected to conform to traditional roles in the family impede progress in the implementation of every article of CEDAW. These attitudes are held by men and women, private and public employers, educators, health professionals, law enforcement officers, and NGO workers. This is a reason why no increase in women parliamentarians occurred in the last election, why the laws have not been amended to promote women, [and] why temporary special measures are seldom used" (3).
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-2
"Persistent beliefs that women are less capable than men and expected to conform to traditional roles in the family impede progress in the implementation of every article of CEDAW. These attitudes are held by men and women, private and public employers, educators, health professionals, law enforcement officers, and NGO workers. This is a reason why no increase in women parliamentarians occurred in the last election, why the laws have not been amended to promote women, [and] why temporary special measures are seldom used" (3).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-3
"The significant social, financial, legal, and familial obstacles facing women who participate in politics are detailed in NGO-CEDAW’s report on the 2017 Cambodian elections available on NGO-CEDAW’s website. The main barriers are: a) stereotypes of men as decision-makers and women as followers b) policies of political parties who deliberately place men at the top of candidate lists c) unequal economic opportunities where women must fundraise for campaigns while facing a wage gap and dual responsibilities for household work and campaigning; and d) lack of laws setting quotas for women in key positions" (6).
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-3
"The significant social, financial, legal, and familial obstacles facing women who participate in politics are detailed in NGO-CEDAW’s report on the 2017 Cambodian elections available on NGO-CEDAW’s website. The main barriers are: a) stereotypes of men as decision-makers and women as followers b) policies of political parties who deliberately place men at the top of candidate lists c) unequal economic opportunities where women must fundraise for campaigns while facing a wage gap and dual responsibilities for household work and campaigning; and d) lack of laws setting quotas for women in key positions" (6).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LO-DATA-3
"There is still little data on how many households in land disputes are female-headed" (9).
Variables: LO-DATA-3
"There is still little data on how many households in land disputes are female-headed" (9).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LO-PRACTICE-1
"2019 research on access to credit shows that access to credit in rural areas is often limited to predatory lenders and/or microfinance institutions. These are not just a few specialized businesses, but include some of the largest banks in Cambodia. Moreover, 75% of microfinance borrowers are women , so they are disproportionately affected by trends in this industry. Lenders not only charge inappropriately high interest rates and knowingly extend loans to persons unable to pay the debt back, but they use land titles as collateral. In the event of default, the lenders will seize land whose value is many times that of the debt without paying the difference to the...more
Variables: LO-PRACTICE-1
"2019 research on access to credit shows that access to credit in rural areas is often limited to predatory lenders and/or microfinance institutions. These are not just a few specialized businesses, but include some of the largest banks in Cambodia. Moreover, 75% of microfinance borrowers are women , so they are disproportionately affected by trends in this industry. Lenders not only charge inappropriately high interest rates and knowingly extend loans to persons unable to pay the debt back, but they use land titles as collateral. In the event of default, the lenders will seize land whose value is many times that of the debt without paying the difference to the...more
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Of further concern is the fact that marital rape is not prosecuted or deemed as abuse. Neither nonconsensual sex nor incest is enumerated in the DV Law as a type of sexual violence. The Criminal Code Article 239, which defines rape, does not explicitly include a spouse or partner so some advocates of prosecution state that the law prohibits marital rape, but many judges, police, and prosecutors view all sex between spouses or partners to be legal regardless of consent" (5).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Of further concern is the fact that marital rape is not prosecuted or deemed as abuse. Neither nonconsensual sex nor incest is enumerated in the DV Law as a type of sexual violence. The Criminal Code Article 239, which defines rape, does not explicitly include a spouse or partner so some advocates of prosecution state that the law prohibits marital rape, but many judges, police, and prosecutors view all sex between spouses or partners to be legal regardless of consent" (5).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Of further concern is the fact that marital rape is not prosecuted or deemed as abuse. Neither nonconsensual sex nor incest is enumerated in the DV Law as a type of sexual violence. The Criminal Code Article 239, which defines rape, does not explicitly include a spouse or partner so some advocates of prosecution state that the law prohibits marital rape, but many judges, police, and prosecutors view all sex between spouses or partners to be legal regardless of consent... 2019 research by Cambodian HIV/AIDS Education and Care (CHEC) showed that only 72% of local authorities surveyed in 4 rural districts identified forced sex on an intimate partner as a...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Of further concern is the fact that marital rape is not prosecuted or deemed as abuse. Neither nonconsensual sex nor incest is enumerated in the DV Law as a type of sexual violence. The Criminal Code Article 239, which defines rape, does not explicitly include a spouse or partner so some advocates of prosecution state that the law prohibits marital rape, but many judges, police, and prosecutors view all sex between spouses or partners to be legal regardless of consent... 2019 research by Cambodian HIV/AIDS Education and Care (CHEC) showed that only 72% of local authorities surveyed in 4 rural districts identified forced sex on an intimate partner as a...more
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"[T]he law establishes the age of sexual majority as 15, so there is no statutory rape of 15 to 17-year-olds" (5).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"[T]he law establishes the age of sexual majority as 15, so there is no statutory rape of 15 to 17-year-olds" (5).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2
"There are exactly 6 shelters in Cambodia as of July 2019, all run by NGOs and collectively serving the needs of an estimated 200,000 women who suffer physical and sexual violence annually" (5).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2
"There are exactly 6 shelters in Cambodia as of July 2019, all run by NGOs and collectively serving the needs of an estimated 200,000 women who suffer physical and sexual violence annually" (5).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: MARR-DATA-2
"CSCS 2017 says 53% of surveyed over 15 years old live with a partner" (5).
Variables: MARR-DATA-2
"CSCS 2017 says 53% of surveyed over 15 years old live with a partner" (5).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: MARR-LAW-2
"LBT+ couples still face enormous discrimination and do not have the legal right to marry and adopt children. The Civil Code, Article 1023 explicitly forbids use of the adoption process in order to establish a same-sex or opposite sex marriage" (10).
Variables: MARR-LAW-2
"LBT+ couples still face enormous discrimination and do not have the legal right to marry and adopt children. The Civil Code, Article 1023 explicitly forbids use of the adoption process in order to establish a same-sex or opposite sex marriage" (10).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: MISA-DATA-2
"Of the 16,232 persons (1,339 of whom are women) detained in prison for drug offenses in 2018, 44% were jailed for drug use rather than for trafficking offenses such as selling, storing, processing, distributing, and cultivation" (9).
Variables: MISA-DATA-2
"Of the 16,232 persons (1,339 of whom are women) detained in prison for drug offenses in 2018, 44% were jailed for drug use rather than for trafficking offenses such as selling, storing, processing, distributing, and cultivation" (9).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: MISA-PRACTICE-2
"[T]he Prey Speu center... also used to detain homeless persons, drug users, and/or those with mental disabilities. The conditions of detention are unhealthy with insufficient access to medical care and no opportunity to attend classes in literacy or vocational training" (5-6). "Women who use drugs face imprisonment, detention and/or abuse instead of effective, evidence-based harm reduction, treatment and rehabilitation services that accord with principles of human rights and public health... While the number of Cambodians seeking treatment in health centers for drug addiction is increasing, there are concerns that some are involuntarily detained in compulsory drug rehabilitation centers rather than reintegrated into communities" (9).
Variables: MISA-PRACTICE-2
"[T]he Prey Speu center... also used to detain homeless persons, drug users, and/or those with mental disabilities. The conditions of detention are unhealthy with insufficient access to medical care and no opportunity to attend classes in literacy or vocational training" (5-6). "Women who use drugs face imprisonment, detention and/or abuse instead of effective, evidence-based harm reduction, treatment and rehabilitation services that accord with principles of human rights and public health... While the number of Cambodians seeking treatment in health centers for drug addiction is increasing, there are concerns that some are involuntarily detained in compulsory drug rehabilitation centers rather than reintegrated into communities" (9).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: MMR-PRACTICE-1
"A major cause of maternal mortality in Cambodia is a lack of safe abortion" (8).
Variables: MMR-PRACTICE-1
"A major cause of maternal mortality in Cambodia is a lack of safe abortion" (8).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"In January 2019, NGO-CEDAW and an indigenous rights organization coordinated to support legal services for one indigenous woman in Mondulkiri when the authorities failed her. Her former boyfriend (who was Khmer) had strangled her and left her for dead in a ditch when he learned she was pregnant. Without the support of her family, NGOs and a private attorney, the survivor would not have known her legal rights. Collectively they pushed the matter until the perpetrator was tried and convicted of attempted murder" (3).
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"In January 2019, NGO-CEDAW and an indigenous rights organization coordinated to support legal services for one indigenous woman in Mondulkiri when the authorities failed her. Her former boyfriend (who was Khmer) had strangled her and left her for dead in a ditch when he learned she was pregnant. Without the support of her family, NGOs and a private attorney, the survivor would not have known her legal rights. Collectively they pushed the matter until the perpetrator was tried and convicted of attempted murder" (3).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1
"The Cambodian NGO Committee on CEDAW was founded in 1995 for the purpose of monitoring and promoting the implementation of CEDAW in Cambodia. It is based solely in Cambodia and is a registered NGO and a coalition of 40 other Cambodia-based NGOs committed to gender equality" (1). "Please see the joint CEDAW shadow report on the theme of 'Access to Justice' which was submitted on September 9, 2019 by CCHR, ADHOC and Destination Justice, and endorsed by Women Peace Makers and Klahaan, for more details about this and other issues related to women’s access to justice in Cambodia" (3). "There are exactly 6 shelters in Cambodia as of July 2019,...more
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1
"The Cambodian NGO Committee on CEDAW was founded in 1995 for the purpose of monitoring and promoting the implementation of CEDAW in Cambodia. It is based solely in Cambodia and is a registered NGO and a coalition of 40 other Cambodia-based NGOs committed to gender equality" (1). "Please see the joint CEDAW shadow report on the theme of 'Access to Justice' which was submitted on September 9, 2019 by CCHR, ADHOC and Destination Justice, and endorsed by Women Peace Makers and Klahaan, for more details about this and other issues related to women’s access to justice in Cambodia" (3). "There are exactly 6 shelters in Cambodia as of July 2019,...more
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-2
"Prior to 2015, International Women’s Day marches and campaigns were commonplace in Cambodia. However, every year from 2015 through 2019, authorities have barred women’s rights CSOs and unions from conducting marches, bicycle rides, or large assemblies on Women’s Day, even when the purpose of the event was to simply raise awareness of key issues facing women. Usually the purported reason for denying the activity is that it might block traffic, despite the fact that traffic is always extremely light on national holidays and alternate routes could be created" (1-2).
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-2
"Prior to 2015, International Women’s Day marches and campaigns were commonplace in Cambodia. However, every year from 2015 through 2019, authorities have barred women’s rights CSOs and unions from conducting marches, bicycle rides, or large assemblies on Women’s Day, even when the purpose of the event was to simply raise awareness of key issues facing women. Usually the purported reason for denying the activity is that it might block traffic, despite the fact that traffic is always extremely light on national holidays and alternate routes could be created" (1-2).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: TRAFF-PRACTICE-2
"The labor law explicitly excludes domestic workers from its protections... They are hard to reach by unions and social service providers because they may be locked inside the employer’s home or not allowed to use a phone or to take time off" (7).
Variables: TRAFF-PRACTICE-2
"The labor law explicitly excludes domestic workers from its protections... They are hard to reach by unions and social service providers because they may be locked inside the employer’s home or not allowed to use a phone or to take time off" (7).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
"As mentioned in NGO-CEDAW’s January 2019 submission, sex work needs to be decriminalized and destigmatized by amending Criminal Code Article 298 and the Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation Articles 23 and 24 to eliminate punishment for people suspected of being sex workers" (5).
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
"As mentioned in NGO-CEDAW’s January 2019 submission, sex work needs to be decriminalized and destigmatized by amending Criminal Code Article 298 and the Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation Articles 23 and 24 to eliminate punishment for people suspected of being sex workers" (5).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"NGO-CEDAW provided specific recommendations that the RGC include in NAPVAW3 an indicator of success of drafting a comprehensive definition of sexual harassment in schools, work and public spaces and provided a sample definition in both English and Khmer. Because there is no specific mechanism for women to bring cases of harassment directly to court, most cases of sexual harassment are brought through unions to the arbitration council" (4).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"NGO-CEDAW provided specific recommendations that the RGC include in NAPVAW3 an indicator of success of drafting a comprehensive definition of sexual harassment in schools, work and public spaces and provided a sample definition in both English and Khmer. Because there is no specific mechanism for women to bring cases of harassment directly to court, most cases of sexual harassment are brought through unions to the arbitration council" (4).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: IIP-LAW-1
"NGO-CEDAW has seen drafts of the NAPVAW3 which include a comprehensive review of the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and Protection of Victims (DV Law), and a plan to define sexual harassment in the laws and regulations" (3).
Variables: IIP-LAW-1
"NGO-CEDAW has seen drafts of the NAPVAW3 which include a comprehensive review of the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and Protection of Victims (DV Law), and a plan to define sexual harassment in the laws and regulations" (3).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: GP-DATA-6
"Women in the judicial system have been only 14% of judges since 2013 and are 13% of prosecutors (increased from 10% in 2013). Women face difficulty becoming judges because Cambodian judges are transferred to another province every 2-3 years, and many have families to support" (6).
Variables: GP-DATA-6
"Women in the judicial system have been only 14% of judges since 2013 and are 13% of prosecutors (increased from 10% in 2013). Women face difficulty becoming judges because Cambodian judges are transferred to another province every 2-3 years, and many have families to support" (6).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: GP-DATA-5
"NGO-CEDAW commends the RGC for expanding the funding for legal aid. However, the system is still far from comprehensive and grossly underfunded" (3). "Mediators should understand that charges of domestic violence may be prosecuted without requiring the victim to pursue a complaint and even after a civil settlement is reached between an alleged perpetrator and the direct victim" (4).
Variables: GP-DATA-5
"NGO-CEDAW commends the RGC for expanding the funding for legal aid. However, the system is still far from comprehensive and grossly underfunded" (3). "Mediators should understand that charges of domestic violence may be prosecuted without requiring the victim to pursue a complaint and even after a civil settlement is reached between an alleged perpetrator and the direct victim" (4).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: GP-DATA-3
"Policies of Neary Rattanak have not resulted in significant change in part due to the focus on short-term activities, limited in financial and geographic scope based on outside funding. For example, the target districts and target groups of women included in the newly drafted action plans are based on the activities directly funded by UN agencies and foreign governments directly funding the creation of the action plans. Without dedicated, long-term funding out of the national budget, the implementation of gender policies will remain inconsistent and will not extend to all districts of all provinces in the nation. One key challenge to measuring the success of Neary Rattanak is the lack...more
Variables: GP-DATA-3
"Policies of Neary Rattanak have not resulted in significant change in part due to the focus on short-term activities, limited in financial and geographic scope based on outside funding. For example, the target districts and target groups of women included in the newly drafted action plans are based on the activities directly funded by UN agencies and foreign governments directly funding the creation of the action plans. Without dedicated, long-term funding out of the national budget, the implementation of gender policies will remain inconsistent and will not extend to all districts of all provinces in the nation. One key challenge to measuring the success of Neary Rattanak is the lack...more
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: GP-DATA-2
"In the diplomatic arena, only 6 of 24 ambassadors and 43 of 24435 diplomatic officers are women" (6).
Variables: GP-DATA-2
"In the diplomatic arena, only 6 of 24 ambassadors and 43 of 24435 diplomatic officers are women" (6).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-3
"[T]he Prey Speu center... also used to detain homeless persons, drug users, and/or those with mental disabilities. The conditions of detention are unhealthy with insufficient access to medical care and no opportunity to attend classes in literacy or vocational training" (5-6).
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-3
"[T]he Prey Speu center... also used to detain homeless persons, drug users, and/or those with mental disabilities. The conditions of detention are unhealthy with insufficient access to medical care and no opportunity to attend classes in literacy or vocational training" (5-6).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-1
"Cambodia lacks a sufficient complaint mechanism to address issues of medical malpractice or the failure to provide sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS). In 2019, there have been several cases of medical malpractice reported in the media, including unlicensed practitioners maintaining businesses for years until patients die. Other cases resulting in the deaths of women had the families taking their grievances to social media due to a lack of response to formal complaints. Lack of sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR) education and services is another key issue" (8).
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-1
"Cambodia lacks a sufficient complaint mechanism to address issues of medical malpractice or the failure to provide sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS). In 2019, there have been several cases of medical malpractice reported in the media, including unlicensed practitioners maintaining businesses for years until patients die. Other cases resulting in the deaths of women had the families taking their grievances to social media due to a lack of response to formal complaints. Lack of sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR) education and services is another key issue" (8).