Countries: Indonesia
Variables: WAM-PRACTICE-1

"Devi Asmarani, publisher of Magdalene, an online women’s magazine in Jakarta, captured the broader public resonance of the jilbab issue: 'No other women’s rights stories, from rapes to #MeToo rallies, from celebrities’ profiles to our long features, can compete with jilbab stories'" (14).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: ATC-DATA-5

"Indonesia is a party to the core international human rights treaties, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The Indonesian government’s enforcement of its jilbab regulations against women and girls violates provisions in several treaties" (83).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1

"Women are entitled to the same rights as men, including the right to wear what they choose" (14).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: DTCP-PRACTICE-1

"[A] school regulation at SMAN3 Solok includes multiple sanctions, including two demerits if a student wears 'a transparent jilba' and another two demerits if she wears 'a tight skirt, a mini skirt or a split skirt'" (43). "In Muaraenim, South Sumatra, a male teacher reportedly used scissors to cut the hijabs of several female students after a school assembly when he determined that their hijabs did not meet the school’s requirement. After he cut their hijabs, he sent them home to change their hijabs" (47).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1

"The threat of being denied an education or job is a highly effective way of persuading a woman or girl to wear a jilbab, at considerable psychological cost" (2). "Most female Muslim workers comply with the regulations, but many told Human Rights Watch that they see this as an infringement on their rights. Some women have quit their government jobs, seeking a freer work environment elsewhere" (60). "There are a lot of social pressures on civil servants to wear jilbabs. It is not mandatory. It is not an official regulation. But it is effective" (65).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-1

"In March 2017, I went to Santen beach, the most popular public beach in Banyuwangi, facing Bali Island… The government set up a checkpoint not only to charge visitors but, later I learned, to separate males and females" (78). "We were walking [on the beach] when a man in a civil servant uniform [Korpri] shouted and asked us—women—to move to the woman’s beach section. We did not see public order officials [Satpol PP] like usual. He said the officials had gone home but it did not mean the rule could be ignored. He insisted that we should stay on our side of the iron gate that separated the beach into...more

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: IRP-LAW-1

"In 2005, a local ordinance was adopted banning sex work" (77).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: MARR-LAW-2

"In 2002, the Aceh parliament passed a bylaw [that] mak[es] sex between unmarried adults and khalwat (a man and a woman together in private) crimes" (25).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: WAM-DATA-2

"Tempo magazine reported that two state high schools in Yogyakarta, SMPN7 and SMPN11, had compelled Muslim girl students to wear long-sleeve shirts, long skirts, and the jilbab" (38).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: SRACE-PRACTICE-1

"When Ifa Misbach was a teenager, she loved to play basketball but was told to stop… I wore my jersey outside home. I hid it from my own mother. So depressing. I'm happy when I am on the basketball court. But my seniors [older students] reported me to my mother. It ended my basketball fun" (80).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-2

"[T]he Yudhoyono government contended that the local ordinances (peraturan daerah) did not contradict national regulations as they represented 'local values'" (8). "[T]he Home Affairs Ministry identified 139 ordinances that violate the rights of women and promised to look for ways to revoke them... None of the jilbab or other Sharia-inspired ordinances were revoked" (10). "[The Ministry of Education under Daoed Joesoef issued a decree that] implicitly banned schoolgirls from wearing the hijab as it did not include any type of headscarf as a choice for girls’ uniforms in any of the categories" (21).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: PHBP-PRACTICE-1

"[S]ome women who were pressured to cover their heads had reported the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder, sometimes called dysmorphophobia, which is characterized by the obsessive idea that they feel parts of their bodies, in this case their covered heads, are flawed" (79).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1

"[I]n Muslim majority areas [,] Muslim girls are required to wear long-sleeve shirts and long skirts, along with a jilbab... [T]he existence of the regulation adds to the pressure on girls and their families to wear one" (7). "In East Java, Pamekasan regency on Madura Island declared a Sharia regulation, mandating that Muslim women and girls wear the jilbab in public" (26). “The 2006 regulation has made the hijab longer and more restrictive for movement" (62). "Women are not allowed to show their aurat [a woman’s entire body except for the hands, feet, and face]" (73-74). "Ninety percent of female lecturers at her campus wear a jilbab. In her department,...more

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-LAW-2

"In 2014, the Indonesian government issued a national regulation on school dress that has been widely interpreted to require female Muslim students to wear a jilbab as part of their school uniform… In Indonesia, the term 'jilbab,' which literally means 'partition' in Arabic, is widely used to refer to a cloth that covers a woman’s head, neck, and chest" (1).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1

"Some schools expelled students who wore the headscarf" (21). "No students dare not to wear the jilbab to go to school. A classmate got expelled from the school when she was protesting a teacher telling her to wear a jilbab" (35). "Those who were not forced to leave still described harm to their education, including bullying, humiliation, and lower grades for not wearing hijab... Indonesian state schools use a combination of psychological pressure, public humiliation, and sanctions to persuade girls to wear the hijab" (36). "Enforcement of Islamic dress in educational institutions in the absence of restrictions on other religious clothing discriminates against female students and may interfere with their...more