Countries: Japan
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-2

"Protesters gather to call for revision of sex crime legislation in Tokyo, 2019" (para 7). "Protesters gather at the rally called 'Flower Demo' to criticise acquittals in court cases of alleged rape in Japan" (para 8). "Japan last revised its criminal code on sexual offences in 2017, for the first time in more than a century, but campaigners said the reforms were insufficient" (para 15). "And in 2019, a string of acquittals in rape cases triggered nationwide rallies" (para 16). "Campaigners have welcomed the move as a step forward though it 'still fails to meet international rape legislation standards', advocacy group Human Rights Now said in a statement. Japan, it...more

Countries: Japan
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2

"In practice, regional ordinances banning 'lewd' acts with minors are sometimes seen as effectively raising the age of consent to 18 in many parts of Japan. But they come with significantly lighter penalties than rape charges and deem sex with children merely 'unethical' conduct, 'completely discounting its forced nature', Kazuna Kanajiri, an activist fighting pornography and sexual exploitation, told AFP. This leaves room for perpetrators to 'shift blame to the victims, and argue that sex was initiated or enjoyed by the children', said Kanajiri, who heads Tokyo-based group PAPS and welcomes plans to raise the age of consent to 16" (para 11-13). "And in 2019, a string of acquittals in...more

Countries: Japan
Variables: LRW-LAW-2

"Under current Japanese law, children at least 13 years old are considered capable of consent, meaning sexual activity with them is not considered statutory rape. This has meant even teen rape survivors face the same high bars to prosecuting perpetrators that adults do. In practice, regional ordinances banning 'lewd' acts with minors are sometimes seen as effectively raising the age of consent to 18 in many parts of Japan. But they come with significantly lighter penalties than rape charges and deem sex with children merely 'unethical' conduct, 'completely discounting its forced nature', Kazuna Kanajiri, an activist fighting pornography and sexual exploitation, told AFP" (para 9-12). "This leaves room for perpetrators...more

Countries: Japan
Variables: LRW-DATA-1

"The recommendations presented to the justice minister come after a series of rape acquittals that sparked outcry, and will form the basis for draft amendments that could be enacted by parliament later this year" (para 3).

Countries: Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, Croatia, D R Congo, East Timor, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1

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Countries: Japan
Variables: DV-DATA-1

According to 2022 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, the proportion of ever-partnered women and girls (aged 15-49) in Japan who have been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in their lifetime is 20 percent (KMM-CODER COMMENT).

Countries: Germany, Japan, Netherlands
Variables: MMR-SCALE-1

4

Countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D R Congo, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad/Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: DACH-SCALE-2

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Countries: Japan
Variables: MMR-DATA-1

According to a 2023 report on global trends in maternal mortality from 2000-2020 published by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division, in 2020 the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in Japan was 4 (KMM-CODER COMMENT).

Countries: Japan
Variables: ATDW-LAW-1

According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), the law provides for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions. The WBL database provides the following as a source: Civil Code, Art. 768(3) (2).

Countries: Japan
Variables: DACH-DATA-1

According to 2019 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, average life expectancy in Japan is 81.5 years for men and 86.9 years for women (KMM-CODER COMMENT).

Countries: Japan, United States
Variables: BR-DATA-1

"That is far below the 2.1 needed to maintain a stable population and low even compared to other developed countries where the rate is falling, such as the United States (1.6) and Japan – which at 1.3 reported its own lowest rate on record" (para 4)

Countries: Indonesia, Japan, Zambia
Variables: DACH-LAW-1

"Spanish lawmakers adopted on Thursday a new bill creating a menstrual leave for women suffering from painful periods and strengthening access to abortion in public hospitals...When this bill is finally adopted, Spain will become the first country in Europe and one of the few in the world to integrate this measure into its legislation, following the example of Japan, Indonesia or Zambia" (para 1, 6)

Countries: Japan
Variables: IAW-LAW-1

"The spouse of the decedent always becomes an heir. In this, if someone is to become an heir pursuant to the provisions of Article 887 or the preceding Article, the spouse takes the same place in the line of succession as that person" (para 890). The most recent laws noted in the WomanStats Database (since 1896) relating to inheritance are still current as of December 2022 and no changes have been made, as verified by consulting The Women, Business, and the Law database for 2022 (JLR-CODER COMMENT).

Countries: Japan
Variables: ATDW-LAW-1

"(Distribution of Proceeds in Cases of Joint Mortgages) Article 392(1)If an obligee holds mortgages on several immovable properties to secure the same claim, and the proceeds of those immovable properties are to be distributed simultaneously, the burden of the claim is divided in proportion to the value of each of the immovable properties. (2)If an obligee holds mortgages on several immovable properties to secure the same claim, and the proceeds from only one of the immovable properties are to be distributed, the mortgagee may receive the payment of the entire claim out of those proceeds. In this case, subordinated mortgagees may exercise their mortgages in subrogation of that mortgagee, up...more