Countries: United States
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-3

“In 1978, a human resources executive named Marilyn Loden participated in a panel discussion at the Women’s Exposition in New York City about women’s career ambitions. While much of the conversation revolved around the behavioral changes that women should make in order to succeed, Marilyn argued instead that the real issue was the structural barriers keeping them from the top. She stated that there was an “invisible glass ceiling” standing in the way of their aspirations and opportunities. Since then, that image of a glass ceiling sitting at the top of the corporate ladder has become a pervasive symbol of the obstacles that women face when reaching for the top...more

Countries: United States
Variables: MARR-LAW-7

"First cousins are still legally allowed to marry one another in Florida after state lawmakers failed to ban the practice. State Representative Dean Black, a Republican, introduced an amendment to existing legislation that would outlaw marrying 'a lineal descendant' of your grandparent, which would include cousins. The amendment would have made this illegal by July 2026. However, on the last day of the legislative session, Black told Action News Jax that disagreements over other elements of the bill led to an impasse. Because of that, the measure was never adopted and for now, cousins can still marry in the Sunshine State" (para 1-4). "Florida is one of 16 states that...more

Countries: United States
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-7

"Somalia's deeply rooted social traditions — child marriages, high rates of in group remarrying, and patriarchal family structures — also complicate integration into US society, where values of gender equality, individual autonomy, and secular civic norms dominate" (para 49). This information mentions 'in-group remarrying' which testifies to the endogamy practice of marriage mentioned in for this variable (MR-CODER COMMENT).

Countries: United States
Variables: INFIB-PRACTICE-1

"Professor Reno [Africa expert] believes this [FGM performed on Somali girls] could still be happening in secret [in the US]. 'Generally, it's seen as really central to the culture,' Reno says" (para 13).

Countries: United States
Variables: INFIB-DATA-2

"A 2021 study by the prestigious Johns Hopkins School of Public Health estimated that about eight in 10 Somali women living in the US are victims of FGM. Of the 879 women included in the study, only 44 were born in the US and the research did not break down how likely they were to have had the procedure" (para 11).

Countries: United States
Variables: CWC-DATA-3

"From 2001 to 2023, a massive surge of more than 111,000 Somali refugees arrived in the US, largely settling in Minnesota and New York. Last year, 4,790 Somali refugees arrived stateside, according to the US Office of Homeland Security Statistics" (para 56-57). "In the US, Minnesota has the largest population of Somalis in the country at around 80,000" (para 59). "The US first determined the Somali Bantu as a persecuted minority group in 1999 and agreed to admit up to 12,000 immigrants, although their initial resettlement was delayed by the 9/11 terror attacks" (para 64).

Countries: Bahamas, Central African Rep, Chad, Colombia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, Haiti, India, Iran, Kenya, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Moldova, Mongolia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Oman, Slovakia, Suriname, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Thailand, Trinidad/Tobago, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States
Variables: DV-SCALE-1

3

Countries: Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Thailand, Trinidad/Tobago, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zimbabwe
Variables: LO-SCALE-2

0more

Countries: Algeria, Angola, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Rep, Chad, Chile, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, D R Congo, Djibouti, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad/Tobago, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United States, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zimbabwe
Variables: ABO-SCALE-1

3

Countries: United States
Variables: ACR-PRACTICE-1

"That number doesn’t just include those able to drop $100,000 to avoid the indignities and the stretch marks and the sheer pain of childbirth. It’s also women like Sophie Islip, a 39-year-old florist in Utah, who 'always wanted a baby' and figured she’d end up with 'the marriage, and a white picket fence' but now finds herself freezing her eggs in Greece, where it’s cheaper, and lining up a surrogate in Argentina. Or women who turn to surrogacy so they can stay on antidepressants. Or it’s the infertile couples that Ashley works with in China, where surrogacy is illegal, but who know to take advantage of the lax laws and...more

Countries: United States
Variables: AOM-DATA-2

"How frequent are child marriages? The best evidence comes from a nonprofit called Unchained at Last, which obtained marriage license data from around the country and found that between 2000 and 2021, more than 314,000 people under theage of 18 were married in the United States. Some 86 percent were girls, typically marrying men an average of four years older than themselves. Most of the minors were 16 or 17 years old, but some were as young as 10" (4). While this quote does not specifically address the percentage of women that are married under age 18, it does give a figure for the percent of those married under age...more

Countries: United States
Variables: AOM-PRACTICE-1

"How frequent are child marriages? The best evidence comes from a nonprofit called Unchained at Last, which obtained marriage license data from around the country and found that between 2000 and 2021, more than 314,000 people under theage of 18 were married in the United States. Some 86 percent were girls, typically marrying men an average of four years older than themselves. Most of the minors were 16 or 17 years old, but some were as young as 10" (4).

Countries: United States
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, TRAFF-PRACTICE-1

"'Child marriage is a workaround for statuatory rape and trafficking laws,' [Fraidy Reiss, founder and executive director of anti-child marriage nonprofit Unchained at Last] said" (6).

Countries: United States
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1

"I’ve examined the marriage certificate [of 14-year-old Brigitte Combs to a 37-year-old man], and it shows that the judge was Becky Sierra. The certificate lists the ages and birth dates of bride and groom, so there was no uncertainty about the age gap. I called Sierra, and she didn’t remember the case. But she told me that she felt she was obliged to marry a minor when a parent signed the forms. “I probably overstepped just by asking” if there was consent, Sierra said, adding that she had never heard of a judge who did not go ahead with a marriage. At least Sierra showed concern. I once wrote about...more

Countries: United States
Variables: ACR-DATA-1

"In 1999, there were 727 embryo transfers to gestational surrogates in the United States (not all resulted in a live birth). In 2013, that figure was 3,432. In 2019: 9,195" (para 16).