Latest items for ERBG-DATA-5
March 18, 2023, 10:20 p.m.
Countries: Ethiopia
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"More than 80 per cent of the country’s population relies on agriculture for its livelihood and women constitute close to 57 per cent of the labour force in the [Agricultural] sector" (19). "Although women contribute significantly to the agricultural sector, they produce up to 23 per cent less than men...targets have been set to have 30 per cent more women beneficiaries in all of the extension services. Accordingly, women accessing improved seed and fertilizers reached 12.2 per cent and 10.8 per cent respectively in 2013/14" (22). "The outcome shows progressive decline in the representation of women in the informal sector from 64.8 per cent in 1999 and to 36.5 per...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"More than 80 per cent of the country’s population relies on agriculture for its livelihood and women constitute close to 57 per cent of the labour force in the [Agricultural] sector" (19). "Although women contribute significantly to the agricultural sector, they produce up to 23 per cent less than men...targets have been set to have 30 per cent more women beneficiaries in all of the extension services. Accordingly, women accessing improved seed and fertilizers reached 12.2 per cent and 10.8 per cent respectively in 2013/14" (22). "The outcome shows progressive decline in the representation of women in the informal sector from 64.8 per cent in 1999 and to 36.5 per...more
Feb. 22, 2023, 1:10 p.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, ERBG-DATA-6, ASR-DATA-1
“A little over half of self-employed workers in Bulgaria are educated to the upper secondary level, and 32% hold a tertiary level degree. Self-employed women were more likely than self-employed workers in any other groups to have completed tertiary education. This data confirm findings of an earlier nation-wide study that the group of women entrepreneurs had a higher share of people with higher education. Relatively few self-employed workers held only a basic education compared to the EU average. The Roma population is likely to be overrepresented in this last category, including Roma women who display high rates of early school dropout” (12).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, ERBG-DATA-6, ASR-DATA-1
“A little over half of self-employed workers in Bulgaria are educated to the upper secondary level, and 32% hold a tertiary level degree. Self-employed women were more likely than self-employed workers in any other groups to have completed tertiary education. This data confirm findings of an earlier nation-wide study that the group of women entrepreneurs had a higher share of people with higher education. Relatively few self-employed workers held only a basic education compared to the EU average. The Roma population is likely to be overrepresented in this last category, including Roma women who display high rates of early school dropout” (12).
Feb. 22, 2023, 9:58 a.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
“Alternatively, more and more mothers are looking for opportunities in some form of economic activity – own business, small family business, partnership. Extremely important for mothers is the possibility of new, flexible forms of employment and business activity, balancing with the obligations at home. In addition to funding programs and sources of financing, mothers are trying to find appropriate legal form for doing business, and a relevant tax framework. There is also a lack of supporting structures – business incubators, accelerators, networks” (second paragraph).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
“Alternatively, more and more mothers are looking for opportunities in some form of economic activity – own business, small family business, partnership. Extremely important for mothers is the possibility of new, flexible forms of employment and business activity, balancing with the obligations at home. In addition to funding programs and sources of financing, mothers are trying to find appropriate legal form for doing business, and a relevant tax framework. There is also a lack of supporting structures – business incubators, accelerators, networks” (second paragraph).
Feb. 2, 2023, 2:39 p.m.
Countries: United States
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"There’s also an increased understanding that many people are turning to online sex work out of economic necessity. 'Part of the reason why people are doing this is because they can’t live off of the salaries that are being paid,' Seifullah said. 'It’s a larger question of, how do we make money? How do we live? How do we have the freedom to do what we need, to be who we are?'” (para 11).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"There’s also an increased understanding that many people are turning to online sex work out of economic necessity. 'Part of the reason why people are doing this is because they can’t live off of the salaries that are being paid,' Seifullah said. 'It’s a larger question of, how do we make money? How do we live? How do we have the freedom to do what we need, to be who we are?'” (para 11).
Jan. 2, 2023, 2:15 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women working for international aid organizations or in the health sector have been allowed to continue working, while others, such as small business owners, are not" (para 7).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women working for international aid organizations or in the health sector have been allowed to continue working, while others, such as small business owners, are not" (para 7).
Dec. 26, 2022, 5:58 p.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, CL-PRACTICE-1
"Mandu Reid, the leader of the Women’s Equality party, said the fall in women’s representation showed Sunak had a 'massive and deeply concerning blind spot' when it came to the fact that 'it is women who hold up our NHS, women who deliver social care and women who are overwhelmingly employed in the childcare sector which enable parents to actually go to work' " (para 7).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, CL-PRACTICE-1
"Mandu Reid, the leader of the Women’s Equality party, said the fall in women’s representation showed Sunak had a 'massive and deeply concerning blind spot' when it came to the fact that 'it is women who hold up our NHS, women who deliver social care and women who are overwhelmingly employed in the childcare sector which enable parents to actually go to work' " (para 7).
July 6, 2022, 10:35 a.m.
Countries: Djibouti
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"...In the informal sector, women account for 74.3 per cent of all workers" (21). "…[W]hile three quarters of informal sector workers were women…" (21). "In addition, data from the 2015 Djibouti Survey on Employment, the Informal Sector and Consumption shows that only 45.3 per cent of women are aware that microfinance services are available in Djibouti, and only 6.9 per cent of them have applied for a loan" (24).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"...In the informal sector, women account for 74.3 per cent of all workers" (21). "…[W]hile three quarters of informal sector workers were women…" (21). "In addition, data from the 2015 Djibouti Survey on Employment, the Informal Sector and Consumption shows that only 45.3 per cent of women are aware that microfinance services are available in Djibouti, and only 6.9 per cent of them have applied for a loan" (24).
July 6, 2022, 10:19 a.m.
Countries: Canada
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to the report, the construction and clean technology sectors will benefit indirectly from the low-carbon-economy fund expansion, which will invest up to $2 billion in green projects. Similarly, the agricultural sector — another male-dominated industry — will benefit from the expansion of the agricultural clean-technology program, which is meant to foster the changes required to achieve a low-carbon economy" (Para. 6).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to the report, the construction and clean technology sectors will benefit indirectly from the low-carbon-economy fund expansion, which will invest up to $2 billion in green projects. Similarly, the agricultural sector — another male-dominated industry — will benefit from the expansion of the agricultural clean-technology program, which is meant to foster the changes required to achieve a low-carbon economy" (Para. 6).
June 28, 2022, 2:56 p.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Employment, particularly employment for cash, and control over how earnings are used are important indicators of women’s empowerment. Almost half (49%) of currently married women age 15-49 reported that they were employed in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 12.1). More than three- fourths of women (76%) are paid in cash only, whereas 16% do not receive any payment for their work. Overall, 83% of women who are employed have cash earnings (including those earning cash and those paid in-kind). By age, employment increases from 26% among women age 15-19 to 60% among women age 40-44 before declining to 57% among women age 45-49" (200).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Employment, particularly employment for cash, and control over how earnings are used are important indicators of women’s empowerment. Almost half (49%) of currently married women age 15-49 reported that they were employed in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 12.1). More than three- fourths of women (76%) are paid in cash only, whereas 16% do not receive any payment for their work. Overall, 83% of women who are employed have cash earnings (including those earning cash and those paid in-kind). By age, employment increases from 26% among women age 15-19 to 60% among women age 40-44 before declining to 57% among women age 45-49" (200).
June 21, 2022, 8:35 a.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women are more likely to be engaged in informal, temporary or precarious forms of employment, including employment with zero-hours contracts" (11).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women are more likely to be engaged in informal, temporary or precarious forms of employment, including employment with zero-hours contracts" (11).
May 30, 2022, 9:08 p.m.
Countries: Switzerland
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In its annual agricultural report for 2012, the Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) published a study on women in the agricultural sector. This representative survey was conducted ten years after the first study on the topic. Women have played and are still playing an important role in the—highly diverse—primary sector. The survey confirms what was known and points up new aspects and changes. Thus, women’s employment in agriculture has increased over the last ten years, while their roles as mother and homemaker remain crucial. On farms, more and more women with independent worker status are taking on direct sales or agrotourism duties. Close to half of them have off-farm gainful...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In its annual agricultural report for 2012, the Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) published a study on women in the agricultural sector. This representative survey was conducted ten years after the first study on the topic. Women have played and are still playing an important role in the—highly diverse—primary sector. The survey confirms what was known and points up new aspects and changes. Thus, women’s employment in agriculture has increased over the last ten years, while their roles as mother and homemaker remain crucial. On farms, more and more women with independent worker status are taking on direct sales or agrotourism duties. Close to half of them have off-farm gainful...more
May 27, 2022, 4:14 p.m.
Countries: Turkey
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The rate of women working informally has reduced from 72,5 per cent (2002) to 42,2 per cent in 2019 as a result of the efforts made to increase female employment" (19). "For the same period, the rate of self-employed women has increased from 14,9 per cent to 17 per cent" (19). "The Project aims to increase mothers’ participation in the labour force, support working mothers and promote registered employment of child-caregivers. With the Project, it is targeted to reach a total of 3.700 mothers in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir" (22).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The rate of women working informally has reduced from 72,5 per cent (2002) to 42,2 per cent in 2019 as a result of the efforts made to increase female employment" (19). "For the same period, the rate of self-employed women has increased from 14,9 per cent to 17 per cent" (19). "The Project aims to increase mothers’ participation in the labour force, support working mothers and promote registered employment of child-caregivers. With the Project, it is targeted to reach a total of 3.700 mothers in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir" (22).
May 16, 2022, 8:09 p.m.
Countries: Suriname
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The focus on agriculture will complement the Government’s efforts at alleviating poverty, which is most evident in rural districts and in the interior where ethnic minorities live in tribal communities (Maroons and Indigenous people) and where agricultural activities are the main responsibility of women" (37).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The focus on agriculture will complement the Government’s efforts at alleviating poverty, which is most evident in rural districts and in the interior where ethnic minorities live in tribal communities (Maroons and Indigenous people) and where agricultural activities are the main responsibility of women" (37).
March 10, 2022, 9:58 a.m.
Countries: Peru
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1, ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"Societal prejudice and discrimination led to disproportionately high poverty and unemployment rates for women, who earned 30 percent less than their male counterparts. Women were more likely than men to work in the informal sector, such as in domestic work or as street vendors, resulting in lower wages and a lack of benefits. Women were also more likely to work in less safe occupations, such as factory work, exposing them to more occupational injuries and serious accidents" (23).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1, ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"Societal prejudice and discrimination led to disproportionately high poverty and unemployment rates for women, who earned 30 percent less than their male counterparts. Women were more likely than men to work in the informal sector, such as in domestic work or as street vendors, resulting in lower wages and a lack of benefits. Women were also more likely to work in less safe occupations, such as factory work, exposing them to more occupational injuries and serious accidents" (23).
March 9, 2022, 8:57 a.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"They are women up to the age of 34 (60%), single (60%), with a high school diploma (51%), formally unemployed but mainly working without a written contract in the third sector (58%) and with a net month salary ranging between 500 and 700 Euros (27%). Sometimes, they have successfully concluded their educational path with a diploma or the graduation and look for a job matching their preparation and their preference for a work done for hire rather than the self-employment. Generally speaking, they have not acquired a specific job experience yet and still have to glimpse the labour market...women, whose age is between 35 and 44 (20%), married (55%), with...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"They are women up to the age of 34 (60%), single (60%), with a high school diploma (51%), formally unemployed but mainly working without a written contract in the third sector (58%) and with a net month salary ranging between 500 and 700 Euros (27%). Sometimes, they have successfully concluded their educational path with a diploma or the graduation and look for a job matching their preparation and their preference for a work done for hire rather than the self-employment. Generally speaking, they have not acquired a specific job experience yet and still have to glimpse the labour market...women, whose age is between 35 and 44 (20%), married (55%), with...more
Dec. 2, 2021, 7:34 p.m.
Countries: Netherlands
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, CWC-DATA-4
"The NGO Refugees International in April criticized the government of Curacao for failing to provide temporary status to Venezuelan refugees and other displaced Venezuelans. They found that many migrants and displaced Venezuelans without legal status ended up living on the fringes of society, with no protection against abuse from neighbors or from employers in the informal sector. They noted that some migrant women had been forced into commercial sex" (7-8).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, CWC-DATA-4
"The NGO Refugees International in April criticized the government of Curacao for failing to provide temporary status to Venezuelan refugees and other displaced Venezuelans. They found that many migrants and displaced Venezuelans without legal status ended up living on the fringes of society, with no protection against abuse from neighbors or from employers in the informal sector. They noted that some migrant women had been forced into commercial sex" (7-8).
Nov. 30, 2021, 2:34 p.m.
Countries: Palestine
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The Palestinian female labor force participation rate was 20 percent in Gaza and 17 percent in the West Bank" (104).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The Palestinian female labor force participation rate was 20 percent in Gaza and 17 percent in the West Bank" (104).
Nov. 10, 2021, 10:14 p.m.
Countries: Cuba
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to government statistics, approximately 618,000 (36 percent of whom were women) were self-employed by the end of September" (36).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to government statistics, approximately 618,000 (36 percent of whom were women) were self-employed by the end of September" (36).
Oct. 25, 2021, 3:32 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Nannies, cooks, construction workers, farmhands and other women who are primarily employed in India's informal jobs sector are still routinely sexually harassed and abused at work because a groundbreaking federal law is rarely enforced, a study has found. Ninety-five percent of India’s female workers, some 195 million people, are employed in so-called informal jobs, according to Human Rights Watch, which found that the country’s federal and local governments have not done enough to promote and carry out the functions of the country’s 2013 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act" (para 2-3).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Nannies, cooks, construction workers, farmhands and other women who are primarily employed in India's informal jobs sector are still routinely sexually harassed and abused at work because a groundbreaking federal law is rarely enforced, a study has found. Ninety-five percent of India’s female workers, some 195 million people, are employed in so-called informal jobs, according to Human Rights Watch, which found that the country’s federal and local governments have not done enough to promote and carry out the functions of the country’s 2013 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act" (para 2-3).
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Morocco
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With significant variations in the quality of employment, the proportion of informal workers and uninsured workers is... 80% in Morocco... In Morocco, prevalence is for waged informal labor and contributing family labor which affects women in particular. Overall, the situation of women remains more vulnerable. The percentage of informal female workers is ... 83% in Morocco" (3). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%). In Yemen, the proportion drops to 26%, followed by ... Morocco (17%)" (8). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of women's informal non-agricultural labor. The...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With significant variations in the quality of employment, the proportion of informal workers and uninsured workers is... 80% in Morocco... In Morocco, prevalence is for waged informal labor and contributing family labor which affects women in particular. Overall, the situation of women remains more vulnerable. The percentage of informal female workers is ... 83% in Morocco" (3). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%). In Yemen, the proportion drops to 26%, followed by ... Morocco (17%)" (8). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of women's informal non-agricultural labor. The...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Sudan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In Sudan, the proportion of informal female workers (79%) is slightly higher than that of men. In all cases, it seems that informality will be higher in... Sudan as a result of the civil war and the heavy migration from Southern Sudan. The situation will be even worse with the accelerated pace of rural exodus to cities" (3-4). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%)" (8). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of women's informal non-agricultural labor. The proportion in Mauritania is 78%... [and] 59% in Sudan" (10). "Sudan’s...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In Sudan, the proportion of informal female workers (79%) is slightly higher than that of men. In all cases, it seems that informality will be higher in... Sudan as a result of the civil war and the heavy migration from Southern Sudan. The situation will be even worse with the accelerated pace of rural exodus to cities" (3-4). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%)" (8). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of women's informal non-agricultural labor. The proportion in Mauritania is 78%... [and] 59% in Sudan" (10). "Sudan’s...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Yemen
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In Yemen, the proportion of informal labor reached 81% in 2013-2014, also distributed between self-employment and waged labor, with a significant share of contributing family workers. Informality among women is greater (83%), with a significant proportion for contributing family labor and self-employment" (5). "In Yemen, the proportion [of female self-employment] drops to 26%" (8). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of women's informal non-agricultural labor. The proportion in Mauritania is 78%, [and] 65% in Yemen" (10). "The other major category of informal labor in Arab countries consists of self-employed and employers, who make up a significant...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In Yemen, the proportion of informal labor reached 81% in 2013-2014, also distributed between self-employment and waged labor, with a significant share of contributing family workers. Informality among women is greater (83%), with a significant proportion for contributing family labor and self-employment" (5). "In Yemen, the proportion [of female self-employment] drops to 26%" (8). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of women's informal non-agricultural labor. The proportion in Mauritania is 78%, [and] 65% in Yemen" (10). "The other major category of informal labor in Arab countries consists of self-employed and employers, who make up a significant...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Syria
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Informal labor was monitored in Syria and Yemen prior to their civil wars. In Syria, the proportion of informal workers reached 66% of the total (39% for women), almost evenly distributed between self-employment and waged labor in the informal sector. With 27% for those working in the public sector (56% for women), the percentage of informality outside the public sector reaches 89% (94% for women), while the number of newcomers to the labor force was nearly 300,000. The ongoing conflict has resulted in the loss of half of the jobs between 2011 and 2015" (4-5). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%). In...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Informal labor was monitored in Syria and Yemen prior to their civil wars. In Syria, the proportion of informal workers reached 66% of the total (39% for women), almost evenly distributed between self-employment and waged labor in the informal sector. With 27% for those working in the public sector (56% for women), the percentage of informality outside the public sector reaches 89% (94% for women), while the number of newcomers to the labor force was nearly 300,000. The ongoing conflict has resulted in the loss of half of the jobs between 2011 and 2015" (4-5). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%). In...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Therefore, the total percentage of informal labor to the total labor force in Bahrain is 65%, the majority of which is waged. Since Bahraini women work mainly in the government sector, the chances of informality are better than the total for Bahraini females (29%) and worse than the total for the migrant women (84%)" (2). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%) ... with the lowest percentages in Jordan and Iraq (2%) and Bahrain (3%)" (8). "For women's unwaged informal labor, the highest proportions are seen in Bahrain (54%) and Lebanon (58%) due to the importance of female domestic labor for female migrant...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Therefore, the total percentage of informal labor to the total labor force in Bahrain is 65%, the majority of which is waged. Since Bahraini women work mainly in the government sector, the chances of informality are better than the total for Bahraini females (29%) and worse than the total for the migrant women (84%)" (2). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%) ... with the lowest percentages in Jordan and Iraq (2%) and Bahrain (3%)" (8). "For women's unwaged informal labor, the highest proportions are seen in Bahrain (54%) and Lebanon (58%) due to the importance of female domestic labor for female migrant...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Algeria
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With significant variations in the quality of employment, the proportion of informal workers and uninsured workers is... 39% in Algeria... However, the proportion of informal workers in Algeria rises to 66% if civil servants are excluded (and to 85% for females). It is worth noting that part of the waged workers in the government and the public sector are non-permanent and informal. In Algeria, informal workers are almost equally divided between paid labor and self-employment. Overall, the situation of women remains more vulnerable. The percentage of informal female workers is 49% in Algeria" (3). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%). In Yemen,...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With significant variations in the quality of employment, the proportion of informal workers and uninsured workers is... 39% in Algeria... However, the proportion of informal workers in Algeria rises to 66% if civil servants are excluded (and to 85% for females). It is worth noting that part of the waged workers in the government and the public sector are non-permanent and informal. In Algeria, informal workers are almost equally divided between paid labor and self-employment. Overall, the situation of women remains more vulnerable. The percentage of informal female workers is 49% in Algeria" (3). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%). In Yemen,...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Palestine
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The overall informality rate in Palestine (60% in total) is not different from that in Jordan. However, the difference between the West Bank (66%) and the Gaza Strip (43%) is particularly significant, with government employment at 37% in the Gaza Strip and only 16% in the West Bank. The percentage of women's informality is similar to that of men, although the share of women in government labor is greater (30%) than that of men (21%), but women suffer more from unpaid family labor, especially in the West Bank" (4). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The overall informality rate in Palestine (60% in total) is not different from that in Jordan. However, the difference between the West Bank (66%) and the Gaza Strip (43%) is particularly significant, with government employment at 37% in the Gaza Strip and only 16% in the West Bank. The percentage of women's informality is similar to that of men, although the share of women in government labor is greater (30%) than that of men (21%), but women suffer more from unpaid family labor, especially in the West Bank" (4). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Jordan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In Jordan, the proportion of informal Jordanians is 50%, the majority of whom are waged workers in the formal sector. With the majority of informal migrant workers, Palestinians and Syrians, most of whom are waged workers, the share of informal labor rises to 57% (27% for women). Outside the civil service (30% overall and 52% for women), the share of informal labor rises to 81% (55% for women)" (4). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%)... with the lowest percentages in Jordan and Iraq (2%)" (8). "For women's unwaged informal labor, the highest proportions are seen in Bahrain (54%) and Lebanon (58%) due...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In Jordan, the proportion of informal Jordanians is 50%, the majority of whom are waged workers in the formal sector. With the majority of informal migrant workers, Palestinians and Syrians, most of whom are waged workers, the share of informal labor rises to 57% (27% for women). Outside the civil service (30% overall and 52% for women), the share of informal labor rises to 81% (55% for women)" (4). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%)... with the lowest percentages in Jordan and Iraq (2%)" (8). "For women's unwaged informal labor, the highest proportions are seen in Bahrain (54%) and Lebanon (58%) due...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Tunisia
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With significant variations in the quality of employment, the proportion of informal workers and uninsured workers is 35% in Tunisia" (3). "[I]nformal workers are almost equally divided between paid labor and self-employment... in Tunisia" (3). "Only in Tunisia, informal female workers are less by 20% than male informal workers, thanks to its social security system, which covers even agricultural workers; so if civil servants are excluded, the percentage of informality only drops to 42% (28% for women)" (3). "[T]he situation is different if we exclude formal government labor. Tunisia's percentage of informal labor goes up to 42%" (7). "Percentages of informal labor in Tunisia, Algeria and Mauritania are dropping to...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With significant variations in the quality of employment, the proportion of informal workers and uninsured workers is 35% in Tunisia" (3). "[I]nformal workers are almost equally divided between paid labor and self-employment... in Tunisia" (3). "Only in Tunisia, informal female workers are less by 20% than male informal workers, thanks to its social security system, which covers even agricultural workers; so if civil servants are excluded, the percentage of informality only drops to 42% (28% for women)" (3). "[T]he situation is different if we exclude formal government labor. Tunisia's percentage of informal labor goes up to 42%" (7). "Percentages of informal labor in Tunisia, Algeria and Mauritania are dropping to...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Lebanon
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The share of Lebanese women in terms of informality (44%) is lower than that of men (63%), because they are concentrated in the formal sector, whether governmental or private. The situation in Lebanon stands out as a striking phenomenon for an average income country, with a high rate of self-employment, affecting 36% of Lebanese male workers. Poverty and child labor rates remain significant" (4). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of women's informal non-agricultural labor. The proportion in Mauritania is 78%, 65% in Yemen and Lebanon" (10).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The share of Lebanese women in terms of informality (44%) is lower than that of men (63%), because they are concentrated in the formal sector, whether governmental or private. The situation in Lebanon stands out as a striking phenomenon for an average income country, with a high rate of self-employment, affecting 36% of Lebanese male workers. Poverty and child labor rates remain significant" (4). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of women's informal non-agricultural labor. The proportion in Mauritania is 78%, 65% in Yemen and Lebanon" (10).
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"It should be noted that in the case of Egypt, the proportion of informal female workers drops to 38%, although there is a remarkable proportion (18%) of informal family labor; women exit the labor force with more informality. ...In all cases, it seems that informality will be higher in... Egypt due to the post-revolution economic developments" (3-4). "For women's unwaged informal labor, the highest proportions are seen in Bahrain (54%) and Lebanon (58%) due to the importance of female domestic labor for female migrant workers... The lowest Informal labor in the Arab countries, with/without agriculture and the government sectorshare is seen in... Egypt (8%) due to the scarcity of women's...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"It should be noted that in the case of Egypt, the proportion of informal female workers drops to 38%, although there is a remarkable proportion (18%) of informal family labor; women exit the labor force with more informality. ...In all cases, it seems that informality will be higher in... Egypt due to the post-revolution economic developments" (3-4). "For women's unwaged informal labor, the highest proportions are seen in Bahrain (54%) and Lebanon (58%) due to the importance of female domestic labor for female migrant workers... The lowest Informal labor in the Arab countries, with/without agriculture and the government sectorshare is seen in... Egypt (8%) due to the scarcity of women's...more