Latest items for ERBG-DATA-5
April 11, 2025, 3:49 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Based on ILO Jakarta’s survey in 2015, there are 4,2 million Domestic Workers (DWs) in Indonesia. They are still not recognized as worker and excluded by Indonesian Labor Law, have no rights protection, makes them work and live-in indecent situation" (9). "Informal workers were excluded from the labor law and categorized as unpaid workers in National Security System Law and Social Security Provider Body Law as consequences they were then excluded from state subsidy and employer contribution mandatory scheme. During pandemic almost all of 70,04 million informal workers are not covered by social protection subsidy and National Economy Recovery program while contractual workers in formal economy and women informal economy...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Based on ILO Jakarta’s survey in 2015, there are 4,2 million Domestic Workers (DWs) in Indonesia. They are still not recognized as worker and excluded by Indonesian Labor Law, have no rights protection, makes them work and live-in indecent situation" (9). "Informal workers were excluded from the labor law and categorized as unpaid workers in National Security System Law and Social Security Provider Body Law as consequences they were then excluded from state subsidy and employer contribution mandatory scheme. During pandemic almost all of 70,04 million informal workers are not covered by social protection subsidy and National Economy Recovery program while contractual workers in formal economy and women informal economy...more
April 10, 2025, 7:06 p.m.
Countries: Venezuela
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The Committee notes the Act on the Promotion and Development of New Enterprises. However, it notes with concern: (a) The high unemployment and self-employment rates among women and their concentration in the informal economy" (10).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The Committee notes the Act on the Promotion and Development of New Enterprises. However, it notes with concern: (a) The high unemployment and self-employment rates among women and their concentration in the informal economy" (10).
April 9, 2025, 10:24 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016, he overall figure for persons in the informal sector shows a higher percentage of women than that of men (40% of women compared to 31% among men) . While in Male’, the trend is seen to be reversed with more men in the informal sector than women, the percentage of women working in the informal sector in the atolls is remarkably higher than that of men with 49% of women compared to 30% of men" (10). Figure 3, titled "Percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by sex and locality, 2016," shows that 31% of men and 40% of women...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016, he overall figure for persons in the informal sector shows a higher percentage of women than that of men (40% of women compared to 31% among men) . While in Male’, the trend is seen to be reversed with more men in the informal sector than women, the percentage of women working in the informal sector in the atolls is remarkably higher than that of men with 49% of women compared to 30% of men" (10). Figure 3, titled "Percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by sex and locality, 2016," shows that 31% of men and 40% of women...more
April 2, 2025, 5:23 p.m.
Countries: Dominican Republic
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[T]he impact of the [COVID-19] crisis on the economy will have repercussions mainly on the informal sector, which represents 49% of the country's economic activity and in which women represent 23%" (3). "Such differences are also seen in the average monthly income, where women's wages represent 83.4% of those received by men in general, 89.1% in the formal sector and 64.2% in the informal sector" (12).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[T]he impact of the [COVID-19] crisis on the economy will have repercussions mainly on the informal sector, which represents 49% of the country's economic activity and in which women represent 23%" (3). "Such differences are also seen in the average monthly income, where women's wages represent 83.4% of those received by men in general, 89.1% in the formal sector and 64.2% in the informal sector" (12).
March 20, 2025, 1:55 p.m.
Countries: Mauritania
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[W]omen are overrepresented in the informal sector where they are not protected by labour laws and have no social security" (6).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[W]omen are overrepresented in the informal sector where they are not protected by labour laws and have no social security" (6).
March 14, 2025, 4:48 p.m.
Countries: Venezuela
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Of the total number of employed women [in 2018], 65.5 per cent were working in the formal sector and 34.5 per cent were performing informal activities" (18)
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Of the total number of employed women [in 2018], 65.5 per cent were working in the formal sector and 34.5 per cent were performing informal activities" (18)
March 5, 2025, 8:35 p.m.
Countries: Ecuador
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In the agricultural sector, 13.9 per cent of women are paid, compared to 35.1 per cent of men. This figure is explained by the fact that the work done by women is not paid because it is considered an extension of domestic work" (3).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In the agricultural sector, 13.9 per cent of women are paid, compared to 35.1 per cent of men. This figure is explained by the fact that the work done by women is not paid because it is considered an extension of domestic work" (3).
Feb. 26, 2025, 8:40 p.m.
Countries: North Korea
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Because married women are not forced to go to official workplaces like their husbands, and single women are not universally conscripted into the military, North Korean women had more mobility to work in the informal markets (jangmadang)" (par. 10). "Reports from before the pandemic estimated that women comprised roughly 80 percent of the market" (par. 10). "Participation in the markets gave them stronger voices at home, increased their decision-making power about finances and children’s education, and improved their access to information about issues inside and outside of North Korea. Involvement in these informal markets was one and perhaps the only way that North Korean women enjoyed empowerment and autonomy in...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Because married women are not forced to go to official workplaces like their husbands, and single women are not universally conscripted into the military, North Korean women had more mobility to work in the informal markets (jangmadang)" (par. 10). "Reports from before the pandemic estimated that women comprised roughly 80 percent of the market" (par. 10). "Participation in the markets gave them stronger voices at home, increased their decision-making power about finances and children’s education, and improved their access to information about issues inside and outside of North Korea. Involvement in these informal markets was one and perhaps the only way that North Korean women enjoyed empowerment and autonomy in...more
Feb. 6, 2025, 7:05 p.m.
Countries: Morocco
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Under a self-employment system, from 2015 to the end of April 2019, some 103,160 self-employment enterprises were created, of which 31 per cent were female" (37). "In 2018, the Self-Employment Support Programme, which aims to support the creation of very small businesses, helped 2,785 entrepreneurs, 30 per cent of whom were women, compared to 27 per cent in 2017, and 1,351 very small businesses or self-financed income-generating activities" (38).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Under a self-employment system, from 2015 to the end of April 2019, some 103,160 self-employment enterprises were created, of which 31 per cent were female" (37). "In 2018, the Self-Employment Support Programme, which aims to support the creation of very small businesses, helped 2,785 entrepreneurs, 30 per cent of whom were women, compared to 27 per cent in 2017, and 1,351 very small businesses or self-financed income-generating activities" (38).
Jan. 30, 2025, 7:52 p.m.
Countries: Honduras
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[T]he Committee notes with concern… (b) The occupational segregation and concentration of women in low-paid jobs in the informal economy and domestic work, without access to labour and social protection, and women’s loss of income during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in rural and remote areas" (12).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[T]he Committee notes with concern… (b) The occupational segregation and concentration of women in low-paid jobs in the informal economy and domestic work, without access to labour and social protection, and women’s loss of income during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in rural and remote areas" (12).
Jan. 29, 2025, 7:35 p.m.
Countries: Costa Rica
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[T]he Committee notes with concern… (b) The high unemployment and self-employment rates among women and their overrepresentation in the informal economy, where they have limited access to social protection schemes" (8).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[T]he Committee notes with concern… (b) The high unemployment and self-employment rates among women and their overrepresentation in the informal economy, where they have limited access to social protection schemes" (8).
Jan. 28, 2025, 7:59 p.m.
Countries: Costa Rica
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to the third report on women’s human rights in Costa Rica, women continue to receive lower wages than men for equal or similar work; they are mainly employed in services and retail, which are among the occupations with the highest levels of informality and lowest qualifications... This situation has worsened in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, owing to the health measures implemented, which have mainly harmed the country’s informal and tourist sectors, in which women are highly represented" (15). "In addition to the above, from July 2017 to December 2020, the National Employment Programme supported a total of 50,565 people, of whom 58.3 per cent were women who...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to the third report on women’s human rights in Costa Rica, women continue to receive lower wages than men for equal or similar work; they are mainly employed in services and retail, which are among the occupations with the highest levels of informality and lowest qualifications... This situation has worsened in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, owing to the health measures implemented, which have mainly harmed the country’s informal and tourist sectors, in which women are highly represented" (15). "In addition to the above, from July 2017 to December 2020, the National Employment Programme supported a total of 50,565 people, of whom 58.3 per cent were women who...more
Jan. 17, 2025, 11:50 a.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women are estimated to account for up to 30% of the total workforce[in the construction sector]. However, employment in this sector is often informal and precarious, and accounts for about 11% of all informal employment in Cambodia" (2). "Domestic work—a predominantly female and highly informal workforce—is still excluded from the labor legislation" (2).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women are estimated to account for up to 30% of the total workforce[in the construction sector]. However, employment in this sector is often informal and precarious, and accounts for about 11% of all informal employment in Cambodia" (2). "Domestic work—a predominantly female and highly informal workforce—is still excluded from the labor legislation" (2).
Jan. 16, 2025, 10:50 a.m.
Countries: Honduras
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With regard to paragraph 35 (c), on measures to promote work for women in the informal sector, including domestic workers, on 29 January 2018, the executive branch submitted to the National Congress a draft decree on adoption of the bill on domestic work, referred for analysis to a Special Committee, which issued a favourable opinion on the legislation" (30).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With regard to paragraph 35 (c), on measures to promote work for women in the informal sector, including domestic workers, on 29 January 2018, the executive branch submitted to the National Congress a draft decree on adoption of the bill on domestic work, referred for analysis to a Special Committee, which issued a favourable opinion on the legislation" (30).
Jan. 10, 2025, 2:45 p.m.
Countries: Pakistan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Home-based workers in Pakistan work in different industries, making garments, carpets, sacks, incense sticks, footballs, embroidery, bangles, jewelry, shoes and food. Work is done for domestic and global supply chains. These home-based workers are employed by factories or workshops through contractors or intermediaries and paid by the piece. They operate out of their homes or places near their homes. Home-based workers are treated as independent contractors or micro-businesses even though, in reality, they are disguised employees. They do not have employment contracts, enforceability of minimum wages, access to social security entitlements such as pensions, health coverage or maternity benefits, or access to dispute resolution mechanisms. They bear additional production costs...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Home-based workers in Pakistan work in different industries, making garments, carpets, sacks, incense sticks, footballs, embroidery, bangles, jewelry, shoes and food. Work is done for domestic and global supply chains. These home-based workers are employed by factories or workshops through contractors or intermediaries and paid by the piece. They operate out of their homes or places near their homes. Home-based workers are treated as independent contractors or micro-businesses even though, in reality, they are disguised employees. They do not have employment contracts, enforceability of minimum wages, access to social security entitlements such as pensions, health coverage or maternity benefits, or access to dispute resolution mechanisms. They bear additional production costs...more
Jan. 10, 2025, 2:32 p.m.
Countries: Malawi
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, AFE-PRACTICE-1
"Catherine had dreams of becoming a teacher, but life took a different turn. She dropped out of secondary school when she became pregnant with her first child at 21. Two years later, she began the fish-selling business, she told Al Jazeera" (par. 12).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, AFE-PRACTICE-1
"Catherine had dreams of becoming a teacher, but life took a different turn. She dropped out of secondary school when she became pregnant with her first child at 21. Two years later, she began the fish-selling business, she told Al Jazeera" (par. 12).
Jan. 9, 2025, 4:08 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to unofficial data, 1 million people in Kyrgyzstan are employed in the informal sector of the economy, which, according to estimates by the National Statistical Committee, accounts for about 24.5 per cent of GDP; of the 1 million, 0.6 million are women, working mainly in the areas of trade, services and agriculture. The issue of women’s uncounted work in the household, including during the time when they bear a reproductive burden, remains a major problem. Domestic work in Kyrgyzstan is largely female. Women spend an average of 4.2 hours a day in the household every day, spending 17.4 per cent of their time on this. For men, such activities...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to unofficial data, 1 million people in Kyrgyzstan are employed in the informal sector of the economy, which, according to estimates by the National Statistical Committee, accounts for about 24.5 per cent of GDP; of the 1 million, 0.6 million are women, working mainly in the areas of trade, services and agriculture. The issue of women’s uncounted work in the household, including during the time when they bear a reproductive burden, remains a major problem. Domestic work in Kyrgyzstan is largely female. Women spend an average of 4.2 hours a day in the household every day, spending 17.4 per cent of their time on this. For men, such activities...more
Jan. 8, 2025, 3:34 p.m.
Countries: Tajikistan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In the first eight months of 2022, 8,786 girls and women homemakers were enrolled through labour and employment agencies in the study of folk crafts in educational institutions of the ministry and other training establishments operating in Tajikistan" (p. 32). "The tax exemption granted, effective 30 November 2019, to women entrepreneurs during maternity leave and to artisans working from home, most of whom are women, is another area of State support for women entrepreneurs" (p. 37).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In the first eight months of 2022, 8,786 girls and women homemakers were enrolled through labour and employment agencies in the study of folk crafts in educational institutions of the ministry and other training establishments operating in Tajikistan" (p. 32). "The tax exemption granted, effective 30 November 2019, to women entrepreneurs during maternity leave and to artisans working from home, most of whom are women, is another area of State support for women entrepreneurs" (p. 37).
Nov. 16, 2024, 3:40 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
If less educated, they [women] had a range of formal and informal jobs including working as housemaids, baking bread, washing clothes, cleaning bathrooms and babysitting, and in rural communities rearing small livestock and growing wheat, maize and vegetables" (para 6).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
If less educated, they [women] had a range of formal and informal jobs including working as housemaids, baking bread, washing clothes, cleaning bathrooms and babysitting, and in rural communities rearing small livestock and growing wheat, maize and vegetables" (para 6).
Oct. 9, 2024, 7:59 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women were also hardest hit economically [by the Covid-19 pandemic] since they predominate in the informal sector to earn a living. The tourism sector in Belize is one of the largest employers of women who work in the service industry. The closure of borders ceased the arrival of both international and domestic tourists who were key to the operations of small and micro entrepreneurs many of which were owned by women" (5). "As Belize’s population ages, women may be further challenged, excluded and marginalized in their senior years as they continue to spend their productive years in unpaid care work and in the informal sector. Many women will not access...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women were also hardest hit economically [by the Covid-19 pandemic] since they predominate in the informal sector to earn a living. The tourism sector in Belize is one of the largest employers of women who work in the service industry. The closure of borders ceased the arrival of both international and domestic tourists who were key to the operations of small and micro entrepreneurs many of which were owned by women" (5). "As Belize’s population ages, women may be further challenged, excluded and marginalized in their senior years as they continue to spend their productive years in unpaid care work and in the informal sector. Many women will not access...more
July 26, 2024, 6:17 p.m.
Countries: Benin
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
“At the forest’s edge, a scientist is giving a lesson on the mushrooms that grow here in the damp ground around the trees of Toui-Kilibo reserve in Benin. Olyvia Fadeyi is a mycologist – she studies fungi – and is teaching the women from the village of Yaoui how best to harness the economic value of this strangest of crops. Mushrooms can be cultivated year round, in back gardens, on vertically stacked shelves, rather than waiting for the naturally abundant ones in the rainy season” (1). “Just 13% of women in Benin own land and 30% marry before the age of 18, according to a UN report. Fadeyi is offering...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
“At the forest’s edge, a scientist is giving a lesson on the mushrooms that grow here in the damp ground around the trees of Toui-Kilibo reserve in Benin. Olyvia Fadeyi is a mycologist – she studies fungi – and is teaching the women from the village of Yaoui how best to harness the economic value of this strangest of crops. Mushrooms can be cultivated year round, in back gardens, on vertically stacked shelves, rather than waiting for the naturally abundant ones in the rainy season” (1). “Just 13% of women in Benin own land and 30% marry before the age of 18, according to a UN report. Fadeyi is offering...more
July 18, 2024, 6:38 p.m.
Countries: Guatemala
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"According to the 2017–2019 national employment and income survey, for women the overall rate of labour force participation declined by 1 per cent, the rate of employment in the informal sector declined by 5.4 per cent, the unemployment rate declined by 0.6 per cent, the underemployment rate declined by 5.2 per cent, and wages increased by 381 quetzales...In 2017, women represented 28.8 per cent of employers in the non-agricultural sector and 11.8 per cent of employers in the agricultural sector; in 2019, those figures were 30.1 per cent and 8.3 per cent, respectively" (22).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"According to the 2017–2019 national employment and income survey, for women the overall rate of labour force participation declined by 1 per cent, the rate of employment in the informal sector declined by 5.4 per cent, the unemployment rate declined by 0.6 per cent, the underemployment rate declined by 5.2 per cent, and wages increased by 381 quetzales...In 2017, women represented 28.8 per cent of employers in the non-agricultural sector and 11.8 per cent of employers in the agricultural sector; in 2019, those figures were 30.1 per cent and 8.3 per cent, respectively" (22).
April 30, 2024, 5:55 p.m.
Countries: South Africa
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"Of all working women in South Africa, around 12% are domestic workers. Public health researcher Catherine Pereira-Kotze explained that these workers had little by way of safety nets. They often depended on the goodwill of their employer to get protection like maternity pay and leave" (para 15).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"Of all working women in South Africa, around 12% are domestic workers. Public health researcher Catherine Pereira-Kotze explained that these workers had little by way of safety nets. They often depended on the goodwill of their employer to get protection like maternity pay and leave" (para 15).
April 19, 2024, 3:06 p.m.
Countries: Serbia
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Over 74 per cent of women who report that they work in agriculture do so as unpaid family members" (15). "Unemployed women and women employed in the informal sector lack access to social security benefits" (15).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Over 74 per cent of women who report that they work in agriculture do so as unpaid family members" (15). "Unemployed women and women employed in the informal sector lack access to social security benefits" (15).
March 30, 2024, 2:46 p.m.
Countries: Lithuania
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[A]ccess [should be enhanced] for women to the labour market, including for women who have reached pensionable age and disadvantaged groups of women,such as migrant women, Roma women, rural women, older women and women with disabilities " (11-12). These women have little access to the labor market (MV- coder comment).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[A]ccess [should be enhanced] for women to the labour market, including for women who have reached pensionable age and disadvantaged groups of women,such as migrant women, Roma women, rural women, older women and women with disabilities " (11-12). These women have little access to the labor market (MV- coder comment).
March 15, 2024, 2:30 p.m.
Countries: Gabon
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[T]he healthcare coverage benefits provided by the National Health Insurance and Social Protection Fund are available to men and women who work in the informal sector" (16). "Act No. 028/2016 of 6 February 2017, the Social Protection Code of the Gabonese Republic, contains in its section 2, chapter 4, provisions on independent and mobile workers. This Act applies to various categories of workers (men and women) in the unstructured (or informal) sector, such as traders and domestic workers" (17).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[T]he healthcare coverage benefits provided by the National Health Insurance and Social Protection Fund are available to men and women who work in the informal sector" (16). "Act No. 028/2016 of 6 February 2017, the Social Protection Code of the Gabonese Republic, contains in its section 2, chapter 4, provisions on independent and mobile workers. This Act applies to various categories of workers (men and women) in the unstructured (or informal) sector, such as traders and domestic workers" (17).
March 14, 2024, 10:13 a.m.
Countries: Gabon
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[R]ural women face enormous difficulties because the road network remains problematic and is an obstacle to mobility and product marketing... [R]ural women are economically vulnerable" (22).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[R]ural women face enormous difficulties because the road network remains problematic and is an obstacle to mobility and product marketing... [R]ural women are economically vulnerable" (22).
Feb. 20, 2024, 6:27 p.m.
Countries: D R Congo
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women have less access to remunerated jobs, compared with men, in the informal sector, in which they comprise the majority of workers yet have no access to legal protection or social security" (11). "The environmental and sanitary impacts of the industrial exploitation of copper and cobalt from the Frontier Mine, near Sakania, lead to the drying up of the river, affecting access for women and girls to safe water and to education, exposing them to rape and sexual violence and depriving them of their incomes earned from their agricultural activities" (16).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women have less access to remunerated jobs, compared with men, in the informal sector, in which they comprise the majority of workers yet have no access to legal protection or social security" (11). "The environmental and sanitary impacts of the industrial exploitation of copper and cobalt from the Frontier Mine, near Sakania, lead to the drying up of the river, affecting access for women and girls to safe water and to education, exposing them to rape and sexual violence and depriving them of their incomes earned from their agricultural activities" (16).
Jan. 29, 2024, 5:50 p.m.
Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[There is a] disproportionately high number of women who are engaged in unpaid agricultural and domestic work" (11). "[A]ccess to high-quality health-care services [is limited] for women belonging to disadvantaged groups who are not covered by health insurance, including [women working in the informal sector]" (12).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[There is a] disproportionately high number of women who are engaged in unpaid agricultural and domestic work" (11). "[A]ccess to high-quality health-care services [is limited] for women belonging to disadvantaged groups who are not covered by health insurance, including [women working in the informal sector]" (12).
Jan. 19, 2024, 12:06 p.m.
Countries: Central African Rep
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[C]ampaigns are run to encourage women to participate in agricultural and income-generating activities and to operate small businesses and trade in food products themselves" (20).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[C]ampaigns are run to encourage women to participate in agricultural and income-generating activities and to operate small businesses and trade in food products themselves" (20).