Latest items for ERBG-DATA-5
Aug. 24, 2023, 1:08 a.m.
Countries: Cape Verde
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[G]ender stereotypes are [persistent and] a root cause of the assignment of a disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic work, child-raising and care of family members to women and the insufficient maternity leave afforded to women, thereby limiting their access to the labour market... [W]omen comprise the majority of workers in the informal sector" (9).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[G]ender stereotypes are [persistent and] a root cause of the assignment of a disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic work, child-raising and care of family members to women and the insufficient maternity leave afforded to women, thereby limiting their access to the labour market... [W]omen comprise the majority of workers in the informal sector" (9).
July 25, 2023, 10:44 a.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[There is concern about a] high concentration of women in the informal employment sector, including domestic work, where they continue to be excluded from labour and social security protection, such as minimum wages, overtime compensation and maternity leave" (11).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[There is concern about a] high concentration of women in the informal employment sector, including domestic work, where they continue to be excluded from labour and social security protection, such as minimum wages, overtime compensation and maternity leave" (11).
July 10, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"While Tourism accounts for 40.9% of the GDP (2017),40 Maldivians typically occupy lower-paying jobs in a sector, which is dominated by foreign workers. On the smaller islands, outside of Public Sector, the main employment is in Fisheries and Agriculture, neither of which are seen as acceptable employment for women. For many men, the main option for employment is either in the Fisheries, which may mean multiple weeks away from home, or the resorts, which again means leaving their home island during the week. Staff employed in resorts find it difficult to travel back to their islands on a daily basis, and social norms make it unacceptable for women to stay...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"While Tourism accounts for 40.9% of the GDP (2017),40 Maldivians typically occupy lower-paying jobs in a sector, which is dominated by foreign workers. On the smaller islands, outside of Public Sector, the main employment is in Fisheries and Agriculture, neither of which are seen as acceptable employment for women. For many men, the main option for employment is either in the Fisheries, which may mean multiple weeks away from home, or the resorts, which again means leaving their home island during the week. Staff employed in resorts find it difficult to travel back to their islands on a daily basis, and social norms make it unacceptable for women to stay...more
June 27, 2023, 11:15 p.m.
Countries: Algeria
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The government does not formally allow refugee employment; however, many worked in the informal market and were at risk of labor exploitation due to their lack of legal status in the country" (21). Women were excluded from formal markets due to their illegal status (MV-coder comment).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The government does not formally allow refugee employment; however, many worked in the informal market and were at risk of labor exploitation due to their lack of legal status in the country" (21). Women were excluded from formal markets due to their illegal status (MV-coder comment).
June 26, 2023, 10:33 p.m.
Countries: Nepal
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"In April 2021, Shrestha and five others became the first Nepali women to climb the 8,091-metre Annapurna I. 'Preparing for the Annapurna expedition, I realised how far behind Nepali women were in mountaineering, because no Nepali women had climbed it until now. The number of women who are into mountaineering can still be counted on [your] fingers.'" (para.9).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"In April 2021, Shrestha and five others became the first Nepali women to climb the 8,091-metre Annapurna I. 'Preparing for the Annapurna expedition, I realised how far behind Nepali women were in mountaineering, because no Nepali women had climbed it until now. The number of women who are into mountaineering can still be counted on [your] fingers.'" (para.9).
June 14, 2023, 7:56 p.m.
Countries: Bolivia
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women’s access to formal, and/or transition from informal, employment is being promoted cross-sectorally.. [N]o effort has been spared to incorporate the gender perspective and depatriarchalization into institutional management, by creating an institutional history based on gender mainstreaming on the basis of a range of actions" (21).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women’s access to formal, and/or transition from informal, employment is being promoted cross-sectorally.. [N]o effort has been spared to incorporate the gender perspective and depatriarchalization into institutional management, by creating an institutional history based on gender mainstreaming on the basis of a range of actions" (21).
March 31, 2023, 2:31 p.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[W]omen in the informal sector are not covered by social security services" (12). "[Women are] the main workforce in the agriculture sector" (12).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"[W]omen in the informal sector are not covered by social security services" (12). "[Women are] the main workforce in the agriculture sector" (12).
March 18, 2023, 10:20 p.m.
Countries: Ethiopia
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"More than 80 per cent of the country’s population relies on agriculture for its livelihood and women constitute close to 57 per cent of the labour force in the [Agricultural] sector" (19). "Although women contribute significantly to the agricultural sector, they produce up to 23 per cent less than men...targets have been set to have 30 per cent more women beneficiaries in all of the extension services. Accordingly, women accessing improved seed and fertilizers reached 12.2 per cent and 10.8 per cent respectively in 2013/14" (22). "The outcome shows progressive decline in the representation of women in the informal sector from 64.8 per cent in 1999 and to 36.5 per...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"More than 80 per cent of the country’s population relies on agriculture for its livelihood and women constitute close to 57 per cent of the labour force in the [Agricultural] sector" (19). "Although women contribute significantly to the agricultural sector, they produce up to 23 per cent less than men...targets have been set to have 30 per cent more women beneficiaries in all of the extension services. Accordingly, women accessing improved seed and fertilizers reached 12.2 per cent and 10.8 per cent respectively in 2013/14" (22). "The outcome shows progressive decline in the representation of women in the informal sector from 64.8 per cent in 1999 and to 36.5 per...more
Feb. 22, 2023, 1:10 p.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, ERBG-DATA-6, ASR-DATA-1
“A little over half of self-employed workers in Bulgaria are educated to the upper secondary level, and 32% hold a tertiary level degree. Self-employed women were more likely than self-employed workers in any other groups to have completed tertiary education. This data confirm findings of an earlier nation-wide study that the group of women entrepreneurs had a higher share of people with higher education. Relatively few self-employed workers held only a basic education compared to the EU average. The Roma population is likely to be overrepresented in this last category, including Roma women who display high rates of early school dropout” (12).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, ERBG-DATA-6, ASR-DATA-1
“A little over half of self-employed workers in Bulgaria are educated to the upper secondary level, and 32% hold a tertiary level degree. Self-employed women were more likely than self-employed workers in any other groups to have completed tertiary education. This data confirm findings of an earlier nation-wide study that the group of women entrepreneurs had a higher share of people with higher education. Relatively few self-employed workers held only a basic education compared to the EU average. The Roma population is likely to be overrepresented in this last category, including Roma women who display high rates of early school dropout” (12).
Feb. 22, 2023, 9:58 a.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
“Alternatively, more and more mothers are looking for opportunities in some form of economic activity – own business, small family business, partnership. Extremely important for mothers is the possibility of new, flexible forms of employment and business activity, balancing with the obligations at home. In addition to funding programs and sources of financing, mothers are trying to find appropriate legal form for doing business, and a relevant tax framework. There is also a lack of supporting structures – business incubators, accelerators, networks” (second paragraph).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
“Alternatively, more and more mothers are looking for opportunities in some form of economic activity – own business, small family business, partnership. Extremely important for mothers is the possibility of new, flexible forms of employment and business activity, balancing with the obligations at home. In addition to funding programs and sources of financing, mothers are trying to find appropriate legal form for doing business, and a relevant tax framework. There is also a lack of supporting structures – business incubators, accelerators, networks” (second paragraph).
Feb. 2, 2023, 2:39 p.m.
Countries: United States
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"There’s also an increased understanding that many people are turning to online sex work out of economic necessity. 'Part of the reason why people are doing this is because they can’t live off of the salaries that are being paid,' Seifullah said. 'It’s a larger question of, how do we make money? How do we live? How do we have the freedom to do what we need, to be who we are?'” (para 11).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"There’s also an increased understanding that many people are turning to online sex work out of economic necessity. 'Part of the reason why people are doing this is because they can’t live off of the salaries that are being paid,' Seifullah said. 'It’s a larger question of, how do we make money? How do we live? How do we have the freedom to do what we need, to be who we are?'” (para 11).
Jan. 2, 2023, 2:15 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women working for international aid organizations or in the health sector have been allowed to continue working, while others, such as small business owners, are not" (para 7).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women working for international aid organizations or in the health sector have been allowed to continue working, while others, such as small business owners, are not" (para 7).
Dec. 26, 2022, 5:58 p.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, CL-PRACTICE-1
"Mandu Reid, the leader of the Women’s Equality party, said the fall in women’s representation showed Sunak had a 'massive and deeply concerning blind spot' when it came to the fact that 'it is women who hold up our NHS, women who deliver social care and women who are overwhelmingly employed in the childcare sector which enable parents to actually go to work' " (para 7).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, CL-PRACTICE-1
"Mandu Reid, the leader of the Women’s Equality party, said the fall in women’s representation showed Sunak had a 'massive and deeply concerning blind spot' when it came to the fact that 'it is women who hold up our NHS, women who deliver social care and women who are overwhelmingly employed in the childcare sector which enable parents to actually go to work' " (para 7).
July 6, 2022, 10:35 a.m.
Countries: Djibouti
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"...In the informal sector, women account for 74.3 per cent of all workers" (21). "…[W]hile three quarters of informal sector workers were women…" (21). "In addition, data from the 2015 Djibouti Survey on Employment, the Informal Sector and Consumption shows that only 45.3 per cent of women are aware that microfinance services are available in Djibouti, and only 6.9 per cent of them have applied for a loan" (24).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"...In the informal sector, women account for 74.3 per cent of all workers" (21). "…[W]hile three quarters of informal sector workers were women…" (21). "In addition, data from the 2015 Djibouti Survey on Employment, the Informal Sector and Consumption shows that only 45.3 per cent of women are aware that microfinance services are available in Djibouti, and only 6.9 per cent of them have applied for a loan" (24).
July 6, 2022, 10:19 a.m.
Countries: Canada
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to the report, the construction and clean technology sectors will benefit indirectly from the low-carbon-economy fund expansion, which will invest up to $2 billion in green projects. Similarly, the agricultural sector — another male-dominated industry — will benefit from the expansion of the agricultural clean-technology program, which is meant to foster the changes required to achieve a low-carbon economy" (Para. 6).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to the report, the construction and clean technology sectors will benefit indirectly from the low-carbon-economy fund expansion, which will invest up to $2 billion in green projects. Similarly, the agricultural sector — another male-dominated industry — will benefit from the expansion of the agricultural clean-technology program, which is meant to foster the changes required to achieve a low-carbon economy" (Para. 6).
June 28, 2022, 2:56 p.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Employment, particularly employment for cash, and control over how earnings are used are important indicators of women’s empowerment. Almost half (49%) of currently married women age 15-49 reported that they were employed in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 12.1). More than three- fourths of women (76%) are paid in cash only, whereas 16% do not receive any payment for their work. Overall, 83% of women who are employed have cash earnings (including those earning cash and those paid in-kind). By age, employment increases from 26% among women age 15-19 to 60% among women age 40-44 before declining to 57% among women age 45-49" (200).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Employment, particularly employment for cash, and control over how earnings are used are important indicators of women’s empowerment. Almost half (49%) of currently married women age 15-49 reported that they were employed in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 12.1). More than three- fourths of women (76%) are paid in cash only, whereas 16% do not receive any payment for their work. Overall, 83% of women who are employed have cash earnings (including those earning cash and those paid in-kind). By age, employment increases from 26% among women age 15-19 to 60% among women age 40-44 before declining to 57% among women age 45-49" (200).
June 21, 2022, 8:35 a.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women are more likely to be engaged in informal, temporary or precarious forms of employment, including employment with zero-hours contracts" (11).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Women are more likely to be engaged in informal, temporary or precarious forms of employment, including employment with zero-hours contracts" (11).
May 30, 2022, 9:08 p.m.
Countries: Switzerland
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In its annual agricultural report for 2012, the Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) published a study on women in the agricultural sector. This representative survey was conducted ten years after the first study on the topic. Women have played and are still playing an important role in the—highly diverse—primary sector. The survey confirms what was known and points up new aspects and changes. Thus, women’s employment in agriculture has increased over the last ten years, while their roles as mother and homemaker remain crucial. On farms, more and more women with independent worker status are taking on direct sales or agrotourism duties. Close to half of them have off-farm gainful...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"In its annual agricultural report for 2012, the Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) published a study on women in the agricultural sector. This representative survey was conducted ten years after the first study on the topic. Women have played and are still playing an important role in the—highly diverse—primary sector. The survey confirms what was known and points up new aspects and changes. Thus, women’s employment in agriculture has increased over the last ten years, while their roles as mother and homemaker remain crucial. On farms, more and more women with independent worker status are taking on direct sales or agrotourism duties. Close to half of them have off-farm gainful...more
May 27, 2022, 4:14 p.m.
Countries: Turkey
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The rate of women working informally has reduced from 72,5 per cent (2002) to 42,2 per cent in 2019 as a result of the efforts made to increase female employment" (19). "For the same period, the rate of self-employed women has increased from 14,9 per cent to 17 per cent" (19). "The Project aims to increase mothers’ participation in the labour force, support working mothers and promote registered employment of child-caregivers. With the Project, it is targeted to reach a total of 3.700 mothers in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir" (22).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The rate of women working informally has reduced from 72,5 per cent (2002) to 42,2 per cent in 2019 as a result of the efforts made to increase female employment" (19). "For the same period, the rate of self-employed women has increased from 14,9 per cent to 17 per cent" (19). "The Project aims to increase mothers’ participation in the labour force, support working mothers and promote registered employment of child-caregivers. With the Project, it is targeted to reach a total of 3.700 mothers in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir" (22).
May 16, 2022, 8:09 p.m.
Countries: Suriname
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The focus on agriculture will complement the Government’s efforts at alleviating poverty, which is most evident in rural districts and in the interior where ethnic minorities live in tribal communities (Maroons and Indigenous people) and where agricultural activities are the main responsibility of women" (37).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The focus on agriculture will complement the Government’s efforts at alleviating poverty, which is most evident in rural districts and in the interior where ethnic minorities live in tribal communities (Maroons and Indigenous people) and where agricultural activities are the main responsibility of women" (37).
March 10, 2022, 9:58 a.m.
Countries: Peru
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1, ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"Societal prejudice and discrimination led to disproportionately high poverty and unemployment rates for women, who earned 30 percent less than their male counterparts. Women were more likely than men to work in the informal sector, such as in domestic work or as street vendors, resulting in lower wages and a lack of benefits. Women were also more likely to work in less safe occupations, such as factory work, exposing them to more occupational injuries and serious accidents" (23).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1, ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"Societal prejudice and discrimination led to disproportionately high poverty and unemployment rates for women, who earned 30 percent less than their male counterparts. Women were more likely than men to work in the informal sector, such as in domestic work or as street vendors, resulting in lower wages and a lack of benefits. Women were also more likely to work in less safe occupations, such as factory work, exposing them to more occupational injuries and serious accidents" (23).
March 9, 2022, 8:57 a.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"They are women up to the age of 34 (60%), single (60%), with a high school diploma (51%), formally unemployed but mainly working without a written contract in the third sector (58%) and with a net month salary ranging between 500 and 700 Euros (27%). Sometimes, they have successfully concluded their educational path with a diploma or the graduation and look for a job matching their preparation and their preference for a work done for hire rather than the self-employment. Generally speaking, they have not acquired a specific job experience yet and still have to glimpse the labour market...women, whose age is between 35 and 44 (20%), married (55%), with...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"They are women up to the age of 34 (60%), single (60%), with a high school diploma (51%), formally unemployed but mainly working without a written contract in the third sector (58%) and with a net month salary ranging between 500 and 700 Euros (27%). Sometimes, they have successfully concluded their educational path with a diploma or the graduation and look for a job matching their preparation and their preference for a work done for hire rather than the self-employment. Generally speaking, they have not acquired a specific job experience yet and still have to glimpse the labour market...women, whose age is between 35 and 44 (20%), married (55%), with...more
Dec. 2, 2021, 7:34 p.m.
Countries: Netherlands
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, CWC-DATA-4
"The NGO Refugees International in April criticized the government of Curacao for failing to provide temporary status to Venezuelan refugees and other displaced Venezuelans. They found that many migrants and displaced Venezuelans without legal status ended up living on the fringes of society, with no protection against abuse from neighbors or from employers in the informal sector. They noted that some migrant women had been forced into commercial sex" (7-8).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5, CWC-DATA-4
"The NGO Refugees International in April criticized the government of Curacao for failing to provide temporary status to Venezuelan refugees and other displaced Venezuelans. They found that many migrants and displaced Venezuelans without legal status ended up living on the fringes of society, with no protection against abuse from neighbors or from employers in the informal sector. They noted that some migrant women had been forced into commercial sex" (7-8).
Nov. 30, 2021, 2:34 p.m.
Countries: Palestine
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The Palestinian female labor force participation rate was 20 percent in Gaza and 17 percent in the West Bank" (104).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The Palestinian female labor force participation rate was 20 percent in Gaza and 17 percent in the West Bank" (104).
Nov. 10, 2021, 10:14 p.m.
Countries: Cuba
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to government statistics, approximately 618,000 (36 percent of whom were women) were self-employed by the end of September" (36).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"According to government statistics, approximately 618,000 (36 percent of whom were women) were self-employed by the end of September" (36).
Oct. 25, 2021, 3:32 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Nannies, cooks, construction workers, farmhands and other women who are primarily employed in India's informal jobs sector are still routinely sexually harassed and abused at work because a groundbreaking federal law is rarely enforced, a study has found. Ninety-five percent of India’s female workers, some 195 million people, are employed in so-called informal jobs, according to Human Rights Watch, which found that the country’s federal and local governments have not done enough to promote and carry out the functions of the country’s 2013 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act" (para 2-3).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Nannies, cooks, construction workers, farmhands and other women who are primarily employed in India's informal jobs sector are still routinely sexually harassed and abused at work because a groundbreaking federal law is rarely enforced, a study has found. Ninety-five percent of India’s female workers, some 195 million people, are employed in so-called informal jobs, according to Human Rights Watch, which found that the country’s federal and local governments have not done enough to promote and carry out the functions of the country’s 2013 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act" (para 2-3).
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Morocco
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With significant variations in the quality of employment, the proportion of informal workers and uninsured workers is... 80% in Morocco... In Morocco, prevalence is for waged informal labor and contributing family labor which affects women in particular. Overall, the situation of women remains more vulnerable. The percentage of informal female workers is ... 83% in Morocco" (3). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%). In Yemen, the proportion drops to 26%, followed by ... Morocco (17%)" (8). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of women's informal non-agricultural labor. The...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With significant variations in the quality of employment, the proportion of informal workers and uninsured workers is... 80% in Morocco... In Morocco, prevalence is for waged informal labor and contributing family labor which affects women in particular. Overall, the situation of women remains more vulnerable. The percentage of informal female workers is ... 83% in Morocco" (3). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%). In Yemen, the proportion drops to 26%, followed by ... Morocco (17%)" (8). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of women's informal non-agricultural labor. The...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Therefore, the total percentage of informal labor to the total labor force in Bahrain is 65%, the majority of which is waged. Since Bahraini women work mainly in the government sector, the chances of informality are better than the total for Bahraini females (29%) and worse than the total for the migrant women (84%)" (2). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%) ... with the lowest percentages in Jordan and Iraq (2%) and Bahrain (3%)" (8). "For women's unwaged informal labor, the highest proportions are seen in Bahrain (54%) and Lebanon (58%) due to the importance of female domestic labor for female migrant...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"Therefore, the total percentage of informal labor to the total labor force in Bahrain is 65%, the majority of which is waged. Since Bahraini women work mainly in the government sector, the chances of informality are better than the total for Bahraini females (29%) and worse than the total for the migrant women (84%)" (2). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%) ... with the lowest percentages in Jordan and Iraq (2%) and Bahrain (3%)" (8). "For women's unwaged informal labor, the highest proportions are seen in Bahrain (54%) and Lebanon (58%) due to the importance of female domestic labor for female migrant...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Palestine
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The overall informality rate in Palestine (60% in total) is not different from that in Jordan. However, the difference between the West Bank (66%) and the Gaza Strip (43%) is particularly significant, with government employment at 37% in the Gaza Strip and only 16% in the West Bank. The percentage of women's informality is similar to that of men, although the share of women in government labor is greater (30%) than that of men (21%), but women suffer more from unpaid family labor, especially in the West Bank" (4). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"The overall informality rate in Palestine (60% in total) is not different from that in Jordan. However, the difference between the West Bank (66%) and the Gaza Strip (43%) is particularly significant, with government employment at 37% in the Gaza Strip and only 16% in the West Bank. The percentage of women's informality is similar to that of men, although the share of women in government labor is greater (30%) than that of men (21%), but women suffer more from unpaid family labor, especially in the West Bank" (4). "These results are also different from those known on women's informal labor in the MENA countries, which account for 35% of...more
Aug. 12, 2021, 11:44 a.m.
Countries: Algeria
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With significant variations in the quality of employment, the proportion of informal workers and uninsured workers is... 39% in Algeria... However, the proportion of informal workers in Algeria rises to 66% if civil servants are excluded (and to 85% for females). It is worth noting that part of the waged workers in the government and the public sector are non-permanent and informal. In Algeria, informal workers are almost equally divided between paid labor and self-employment. Overall, the situation of women remains more vulnerable. The percentage of informal female workers is 49% in Algeria" (3). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%). In Yemen,...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-5
"With significant variations in the quality of employment, the proportion of informal workers and uninsured workers is... 39% in Algeria... However, the proportion of informal workers in Algeria rises to 66% if civil servants are excluded (and to 85% for females). It is worth noting that part of the waged workers in the government and the public sector are non-permanent and informal. In Algeria, informal workers are almost equally divided between paid labor and self-employment. Overall, the situation of women remains more vulnerable. The percentage of informal female workers is 49% in Algeria" (3). "For females, only Mauritania and Sudan keep high rates of self-employment (44% and 32%). In Yemen,...more