Latest items for IRP-LAW-3
Nov. 8, 2023, 2:31 p.m.
Countries: Mozambique
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The Integrated Bio-behavioral Surveillance Survey among female sex workers, conducted in 2011-2012 by the Ministry of Health, estimated a total of 27 285 sex workers (FSW) in three main cities of Mozambique. Sex work is not specifically criminalised by Mozambican law. However, the legal framework also does not provide any protection for sex workers" (2). "Although the Penal Code of 2014/35 does not criminalize the choice of an individual in hiring consensual sex work, article 227 penalizes anyone who "professionally or with all lucrative intent encourages, fosters or facilitates that another person engages in prostitution" (2).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The Integrated Bio-behavioral Surveillance Survey among female sex workers, conducted in 2011-2012 by the Ministry of Health, estimated a total of 27 285 sex workers (FSW) in three main cities of Mozambique. Sex work is not specifically criminalised by Mozambican law. However, the legal framework also does not provide any protection for sex workers" (2). "Although the Penal Code of 2014/35 does not criminalize the choice of an individual in hiring consensual sex work, article 227 penalizes anyone who "professionally or with all lucrative intent encourages, fosters or facilitates that another person engages in prostitution" (2).
Sept. 7, 2023, 9:39 a.m.
Countries: Kenya
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In Kenya and many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, sex work remains illegal and those who make a living through this work are stigmatized and marginalized by others in the community... In Kenya, the penal code CAP 63 of the constitution criminalizes sex work... The anticipated, enacted, and perceived stigma towards sex workers can be a driver of HIV acquisition as it often discourages access to HIV treatment and prevention services" (para 5).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In Kenya and many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, sex work remains illegal and those who make a living through this work are stigmatized and marginalized by others in the community... In Kenya, the penal code CAP 63 of the constitution criminalizes sex work... The anticipated, enacted, and perceived stigma towards sex workers can be a driver of HIV acquisition as it often discourages access to HIV treatment and prevention services" (para 5).
Aug. 8, 2023, 12:20 p.m.
Countries: Senegal
Variables: ISTD-PRACTICE-1, IRP-LAW-3
"To address this, the following steps have been taken: A catch-up plan for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; testing of all women seen in prenatal consultations and couples testing; Development of a guide for care and follow-up among sex workers; Training of health-care providers in syndromic management and follow-up among sex workers; Establishment of official centres for follow-up among sex workers at the central, intermediate and operational levels; Awareness-raising sessions for occasional sex workers; Distribution of male and female condoms at all centres for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections; Distribution of HIV self-tests to sex workers for screening and treatment; Decentralization of care at 118 health centres,...more
Variables: ISTD-PRACTICE-1, IRP-LAW-3
"To address this, the following steps have been taken: A catch-up plan for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; testing of all women seen in prenatal consultations and couples testing; Development of a guide for care and follow-up among sex workers; Training of health-care providers in syndromic management and follow-up among sex workers; Establishment of official centres for follow-up among sex workers at the central, intermediate and operational levels; Awareness-raising sessions for occasional sex workers; Distribution of male and female condoms at all centres for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections; Distribution of HIV self-tests to sex workers for screening and treatment; Decentralization of care at 118 health centres,...more
April 1, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Uzbekistan
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Internal affairs officials identify women engaged in prostitution or soliciting and brothel keepers, and take measures to identify persons with skin and venereal diseases, who are referred to dispensaries for treatment. Persons deported from other States, with whom individual preventive work is done on an ongoing basis, are placed on a preventive monitoring list." (18).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Internal affairs officials identify women engaged in prostitution or soliciting and brothel keepers, and take measures to identify persons with skin and venereal diseases, who are referred to dispensaries for treatment. Persons deported from other States, with whom individual preventive work is done on an ongoing basis, are placed on a preventive monitoring list." (18).
Feb. 6, 2023, 12:07 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
The Committee [on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]…notes with concern…the lack of dissemination and implementation of Order No. 946-r of 14 December 2017 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, particularly concerning the prevention of forced HIV testing of women in prostitution" (6-7).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
The Committee [on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]…notes with concern…the lack of dissemination and implementation of Order No. 946-r of 14 December 2017 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, particularly concerning the prevention of forced HIV testing of women in prostitution" (6-7).
Feb. 5, 2023, 8 p.m.
Countries: New Zealand
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"I was actually really shocked when I read this question because how does decriminalising make it easier to enforce any boundaries? It’s actually impossible. If buyers were criminalised, I’d be able to call the police on them if they crossed my boundaries. The threat of that would act as a deterrent for their worse behaviours. But under decriminalisation there’s absolutely nothing I could do. Men are larger and stronger than me and I’d have to fight them off basically. It’s against the law to not wear a condom in prostitution in New Zealand and I think there’s up to a $2,000 fine but that penalty is applied equally to the...more
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"I was actually really shocked when I read this question because how does decriminalising make it easier to enforce any boundaries? It’s actually impossible. If buyers were criminalised, I’d be able to call the police on them if they crossed my boundaries. The threat of that would act as a deterrent for their worse behaviours. But under decriminalisation there’s absolutely nothing I could do. Men are larger and stronger than me and I’d have to fight them off basically. It’s against the law to not wear a condom in prostitution in New Zealand and I think there’s up to a $2,000 fine but that penalty is applied equally to the...more
April 14, 2018, 3:43 p.m.
Countries: Switzerland
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The unavailability of disaggregated information and data on cases of HIV/AIDS in the State party, and the lack of measures to limit the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections for women in prostitution" (Pg 14).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The unavailability of disaggregated information and data on cases of HIV/AIDS in the State party, and the lack of measures to limit the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections for women in prostitution" (Pg 14).
Feb. 29, 2016, 9:23 a.m.
Countries: Ukraine
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
""Prostitution is illegal in Ukraine. So, there are no laws that enable a prostitute to demand that a man wear a condom. There are also no laws that require prostitues to be tested for AIDS/STDs. The government is trying to integrate more testing options for women in rural and urban areas, also to teach them how to prevent STDs. Doctors are also making young teenagers more aware of how to prevent it. Testing is not required, but is increasingly encouraged." Anna Cheburei" (9)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
""Prostitution is illegal in Ukraine. So, there are no laws that enable a prostitute to demand that a man wear a condom. There are also no laws that require prostitues to be tested for AIDS/STDs. The government is trying to integrate more testing options for women in rural and urban areas, also to teach them how to prevent STDs. Doctors are also making young teenagers more aware of how to prevent it. Testing is not required, but is increasingly encouraged." Anna Cheburei" (9)
Dec. 31, 2015, 8:40 p.m.
Countries: South Korea
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Three uniformed male police officers raided her room while she was with a customer. During such raids, the police typically collect a used condom or other evidence from a bedside trash can" (para 2)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Three uniformed male police officers raided her room while she was with a customer. During such raids, the police typically collect a used condom or other evidence from a bedside trash can" (para 2)
June 30, 2015, 7:44 p.m.
Countries: Namibia
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Interviews conducted with sex workers in Windhoek in 2008 found that...violence within the industry as sex workers are sometimes forced to have sex without a condom and are vulnerable to abuse from their clients. Research conducted in the same year to assess linkages between HIV and prostitution suggests that prostitutes in Namibia are at a high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS as most do not have the bargaining power to negotiate condom use with their clients due to lack of money" (29). This information shows that there is no law that allows a prostitute to require a man to wear a condom (RNP-CODER COMMENT)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Interviews conducted with sex workers in Windhoek in 2008 found that...violence within the industry as sex workers are sometimes forced to have sex without a condom and are vulnerable to abuse from their clients. Research conducted in the same year to assess linkages between HIV and prostitution suggests that prostitutes in Namibia are at a high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS as most do not have the bargaining power to negotiate condom use with their clients due to lack of money" (29). This information shows that there is no law that allows a prostitute to require a man to wear a condom (RNP-CODER COMMENT)
May 28, 2015, 12:46 p.m.
Countries: Morocco
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"No, because the law says that there should be no prostitutes. If caught with prostitute, you can be sent to prison. There is testing but not through the government, but through associations. If the prostitute has a positive test, she can go to the government hospital to get medicine" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"No, because the law says that there should be no prostitutes. If caught with prostitute, you can be sent to prison. There is testing but not through the government, but through associations. If the prostitute has a positive test, she can go to the government hospital to get medicine" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: New Zealand
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In recent years, the most sweeping example of decriminalization by national law is New Zealand’s Prostitution Reform Act of 2003. The law explicitly states that its intent is at once to decriminalize prostitution undertaken by persons over the age of 18 years and to 'safeguard the human rights of sex workers and protect them from exploitation,' as well as to pursue public health goals.26 The law requires that all efforts be made to ensure the use of condoms in sex work, whether in brothels or otherwise, but infractions of those rules are not criminal offenses (articles 8 and 9). The law explicitly states that sex workers are covered under the...more
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In recent years, the most sweeping example of decriminalization by national law is New Zealand’s Prostitution Reform Act of 2003. The law explicitly states that its intent is at once to decriminalize prostitution undertaken by persons over the age of 18 years and to 'safeguard the human rights of sex workers and protect them from exploitation,' as well as to pursue public health goals.26 The law requires that all efforts be made to ensure the use of condoms in sex work, whether in brothels or otherwise, but infractions of those rules are not criminal offenses (articles 8 and 9). The law explicitly states that sex workers are covered under the...more
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Vietnam
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Thailand
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Laos
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Mongolia
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Oct. 13, 2014, 9:36 p.m.
Countries: Greece
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In May, the authorities arrested and reportedly forcibly tested for HIV over 100 alleged sex-workers. Serious concerns were expressed over the stigmatization of 29 of the arrested after their personal details including their HIV status and photographs were published by police and charges were brought against them for intentionally causing serious bodily harm. At the end of the year, 12 of them remained in prison, awaiting trial" (108)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In May, the authorities arrested and reportedly forcibly tested for HIV over 100 alleged sex-workers. Serious concerns were expressed over the stigmatization of 29 of the arrested after their personal details including their HIV status and photographs were published by police and charges were brought against them for intentionally causing serious bodily harm. At the end of the year, 12 of them remained in prison, awaiting trial" (108)
Feb. 7, 2014, 1:57 p.m.
Countries: Hungary
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Local governments have the authority to designate so-called tolerance zones where sex workers can work provided that they possess a valid three-month hygiene card (which can be obtained upon producing negative test results from a local sexually transmitted infection screening center) and a private entrepreneur license (needed for taxation). Sex workers offering or providing their services outside the designated tolerance zones are considered to be committing a minor criminal offense and thus may be arrested and fined" (65).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Local governments have the authority to designate so-called tolerance zones where sex workers can work provided that they possess a valid three-month hygiene card (which can be obtained upon producing negative test results from a local sexually transmitted infection screening center) and a private entrepreneur license (needed for taxation). Sex workers offering or providing their services outside the designated tolerance zones are considered to be committing a minor criminal offense and thus may be arrested and fined" (65).
July 16, 2013, 10:12 a.m.
Countries: Brazil
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The campaign aimed to promote safe sex and reduce the stigma against sex workers. Other posters in the campaign carried slogans such as "I cannot be seen without a condom, my love."[...]"The role of the [Healthy] ministry is to have specific content to encourage prevention among sex workers, who are a very vulnerable group," he said" (1)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The campaign aimed to promote safe sex and reduce the stigma against sex workers. Other posters in the campaign carried slogans such as "I cannot be seen without a condom, my love."[...]"The role of the [Healthy] ministry is to have specific content to encourage prevention among sex workers, who are a very vulnerable group," he said" (1)
June 25, 2012, 11:09 a.m.
Countries: Guatemala
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The only requirement needed for its exercise is to have periodical examinations and a health card. This only demonstrates that the well being of men soliciting these services is being safeguarded" (4). "To date, the activity of prostitution is legal and regulated Government Agreement 342-86. The primary requirement for exercise is the health card and periodic reviews" (19)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The only requirement needed for its exercise is to have periodical examinations and a health card. This only demonstrates that the well being of men soliciting these services is being safeguarded" (4). "To date, the activity of prostitution is legal and regulated Government Agreement 342-86. The primary requirement for exercise is the health card and periodic reviews" (19)
May 30, 2012, 2:57 p.m.
Countries: Costa Rica
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The Unit on Prevention and Control of STIs and HIV/AIDS provides direct services to male and female sex workers and treats STIs in men as a result of spontaneous demand within CCSS" (157)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The Unit on Prevention and Control of STIs and HIV/AIDS provides direct services to male and female sex workers and treats STIs in men as a result of spontaneous demand within CCSS" (157)
May 22, 2011, 9:25 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The Committee is especially concerned that the persistence of unequal power relations between women and men and the inferior status of girls and women hamper their ability to negotiate safe sexual practices and increases their vulnerability to infection. The Committee is further concerned about the number of child-headed households of orphans of the HIV/AIDS crisis, where girls have disproportionate responsibilities that make them vulnerable to HIV/AIDS and prostitution" (9)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The Committee is especially concerned that the persistence of unequal power relations between women and men and the inferior status of girls and women hamper their ability to negotiate safe sexual practices and increases their vulnerability to infection. The Committee is further concerned about the number of child-headed households of orphans of the HIV/AIDS crisis, where girls have disproportionate responsibilities that make them vulnerable to HIV/AIDS and prostitution" (9)
April 4, 2011, 5:01 p.m.
Countries: Cameroon
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The Committee urges the Government to design and implement poverty alleviation programmes so that women and girls do not have to resort to prostitution for their livelihoods. It recommends that the Government develop programmes to reintegrate prostitutes, raise public awareness and prevent such exploitation. Moreover, in the light of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Cameroon, full attention must be paid to the health services available to prostitutes" (4)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The Committee urges the Government to design and implement poverty alleviation programmes so that women and girls do not have to resort to prostitution for their livelihoods. It recommends that the Government develop programmes to reintegrate prostitutes, raise public awareness and prevent such exploitation. Moreover, in the light of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Cameroon, full attention must be paid to the health services available to prostitutes" (4)
April 1, 2010, 3:43 p.m.
Countries: Guatemala
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"a. Physical and sexual violence, any type of harm or suffering inflicted on a woman’s body, as well as prohibiting a woman from using methods for family planning or the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases—5 to 12 year prison term in accordance with the gravity of the crime" (15).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"a. Physical and sexual violence, any type of harm or suffering inflicted on a woman’s body, as well as prohibiting a woman from using methods for family planning or the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases—5 to 12 year prison term in accordance with the gravity of the crime" (15).
July 1, 2009, 6:36 a.m.
Countries: China
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-3, IRP-LAW-3
"A 19-year-old prostitute working in an apartment that doubles as a brothel said she has up to eight clients a day. A woman awaits customers at a Beijing barber shop in 2008. Sex workers also ply their trade in barber shops. Working in the southern boom city of Shenzhen, a special economic zone just north of Hong Kong, she told CNN she worries about getting AIDS, but has her own prevention measures. "I always use condoms or take an injection. The medicine can prevent sexually transmitted diseases," she said. "Some girls do not use prevention measures, but we don't talk about that in public." This young woman, who would not...more
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-3, IRP-LAW-3
"A 19-year-old prostitute working in an apartment that doubles as a brothel said she has up to eight clients a day. A woman awaits customers at a Beijing barber shop in 2008. Sex workers also ply their trade in barber shops. Working in the southern boom city of Shenzhen, a special economic zone just north of Hong Kong, she told CNN she worries about getting AIDS, but has her own prevention measures. "I always use condoms or take an injection. The medicine can prevent sexually transmitted diseases," she said. "Some girls do not use prevention measures, but we don't talk about that in public." This young woman, who would not...more
Jan. 30, 2009, 6:54 p.m.
Countries: Peru
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Prostitution is legal for women over 18 years of age if they register with municipal authorities and carry a health certificate. In practice the vast majority of prostitutes worked in the informal sector where they lacked health protection. NGOs reported that traffickers lured increasing numbers of underage women into prostitution. The law, which was not effectively enforced, provides penalties for those who derive financial benefits from trafficking in persons, Internet child pornography, and sexual tourism involving children. Penalties for pimps and clients of underage prostitutes range from four to eight years in prison. There was no information on the number of cases reported, prosecuted, or convicted" (Section 5).more
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Prostitution is legal for women over 18 years of age if they register with municipal authorities and carry a health certificate. In practice the vast majority of prostitutes worked in the informal sector where they lacked health protection. NGOs reported that traffickers lured increasing numbers of underage women into prostitution. The law, which was not effectively enforced, provides penalties for those who derive financial benefits from trafficking in persons, Internet child pornography, and sexual tourism involving children. Penalties for pimps and clients of underage prostitutes range from four to eight years in prison. There was no information on the number of cases reported, prosecuted, or convicted" (Section 5).more
Jan. 8, 2009, 1:08 p.m.
Countries: Senegal
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
Prostitution is legal if individuals are at least 21 years of age, register with the police, carry a valid sanitary card, and test negative for sexually transmitted infections, although soliciting customers is illegal. NGOs working with prostitutes claimed that police targeted prostitutes for abuse and extortion. There were arrests of illegal foreign prostitutes, underage prostitutes, and pimps during the year (5).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
Prostitution is legal if individuals are at least 21 years of age, register with the police, carry a valid sanitary card, and test negative for sexually transmitted infections, although soliciting customers is illegal. NGOs working with prostitutes claimed that police targeted prostitutes for abuse and extortion. There were arrests of illegal foreign prostitutes, underage prostitutes, and pimps during the year (5).