Latest items for LRCM-LAW-2
June 17, 2026, 10:29 a.m.
Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is starkly underreported and classified as a petty misdemeanour, carrying a maximum sentence of one year’s imprisonment, whereas rape outside of marriage is criminalized as a third-degree felony, which carries a higher prison sentence" (7).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is starkly underreported and classified as a petty misdemeanour, carrying a maximum sentence of one year’s imprisonment, whereas rape outside of marriage is criminalized as a third-degree felony, which carries a higher prison sentence" (7).
June 17, 2026, 10:11 a.m.
Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, and domestic and intimate partner violence. The maximum penalty for conviction of rape, including spousal rape, was 15 years in prison" (38).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, and domestic and intimate partner violence. The maximum penalty for conviction of rape, including spousal rape, was 15 years in prison" (38).
June 14, 2026, 1:14 a.m.
Countries: Benin
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Article 533 of the Penal Code6 defines rape as any act of sexual penetration, regardless its nature, committed against another person through violence, coercion, threat, or surprise. As per this definition of rape, proof of penetration could be required. . . Does the legal definition of rape include marital rape? Yes" (7).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Article 533 of the Penal Code6 defines rape as any act of sexual penetration, regardless its nature, committed against another person through violence, coercion, threat, or surprise. As per this definition of rape, proof of penetration could be required. . . Does the legal definition of rape include marital rape? Yes" (7).
June 13, 2026, 11:18 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Belize, the law recognizes the occurrence of marital rape when sexual intercourse takes place between a husband and wife without the consent of the female under the specific circumstances: 1.) The spouses live separately and apart within the meaning of the Married Persons Act 2.) There is a written separation agreement between the spouses or proceedings for the dissolution of the marriage. 3.) A decree of nullity of marriage has been instituted" (para 22).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Belize, the law recognizes the occurrence of marital rape when sexual intercourse takes place between a husband and wife without the consent of the female under the specific circumstances: 1.) The spouses live separately and apart within the meaning of the Married Persons Act 2.) There is a written separation agreement between the spouses or proceedings for the dissolution of the marriage. 3.) A decree of nullity of marriage has been instituted" (para 22).
June 13, 2026, 11:06 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Rape 36 of 1999. 46. Every person who commits rape or marital rape shall on conviction on indictment be imprisoned for a term which shall not be less than eight years but which may extend to imprisonment for life" (49)."Marital Rape defined 36 of 1999. 72.-(1) A male spouse commits marital rape against the female spouse if the first mentioned spouse has sexual intercourse with the other spouse in any of the circumstances specified in subsection (2) of this section–(a) without the consent of the female spouse; and (b) knowing that the female spouse does not consent to sexual intercourse, or recklessly not caring whether the female spouse consents or...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Rape 36 of 1999. 46. Every person who commits rape or marital rape shall on conviction on indictment be imprisoned for a term which shall not be less than eight years but which may extend to imprisonment for life" (49)."Marital Rape defined 36 of 1999. 72.-(1) A male spouse commits marital rape against the female spouse if the first mentioned spouse has sexual intercourse with the other spouse in any of the circumstances specified in subsection (2) of this section–(a) without the consent of the female spouse; and (b) knowing that the female spouse does not consent to sexual intercourse, or recklessly not caring whether the female spouse consents or...more
June 13, 2026, 10:50 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"One of the principal amendments [in 2014] was the new definition of rape as being the penetration of a person’s mouth, vagina, or anus, with a penis, without the person’s consent Code 72 of the Criminal Code creates the offence of marital rape but lists instances when it will be so classified . . . Marital rape is defined as where a man has sexual intercourse with his wife without her consent and knows that she does not consent or is reckless as to whether she consents. The law only recognizes marital rape where: the parties are separated or where proceedings to dissolve the marriage or to have it annulledhas...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"One of the principal amendments [in 2014] was the new definition of rape as being the penetration of a person’s mouth, vagina, or anus, with a penis, without the person’s consent Code 72 of the Criminal Code creates the offence of marital rape but lists instances when it will be so classified . . . Marital rape is defined as where a man has sexual intercourse with his wife without her consent and knows that she does not consent or is reckless as to whether she consents. The law only recognizes marital rape where: the parties are separated or where proceedings to dissolve the marriage or to have it annulledhas...more
June 13, 2026, 2:44 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"However, despite the progress and work of NGOs, marital rape is still a legal exemption to the punishment of rape in the following countries: Belize, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Lesotho, Malaysia, Nigeria, Oman, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Tanzania . . . Some countries, such as Belize, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, and Myanmar, have drafted legal reforms to expressively prohibit marital rape . . . In some jurisdictions, like Belize and Sri Lanka, marital rape is only prohibited when spouses are separated or when here has been physical assault, or a court’s order against the husband in the case of Belize" (526).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"However, despite the progress and work of NGOs, marital rape is still a legal exemption to the punishment of rape in the following countries: Belize, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Lesotho, Malaysia, Nigeria, Oman, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Tanzania . . . Some countries, such as Belize, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, and Myanmar, have drafted legal reforms to expressively prohibit marital rape . . . In some jurisdictions, like Belize and Sri Lanka, marital rape is only prohibited when spouses are separated or when here has been physical assault, or a court’s order against the husband in the case of Belize" (526).
June 13, 2026, 2:25 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
" According to Cardis (2022), although some efforts have been made to protect women from rape within their marriages, women are still not fully protected from marital rape because prohibitions are conditional in countries such as Jamaica, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Lucia, and Belize" (17).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
" According to Cardis (2022), although some efforts have been made to protect women from rape within their marriages, women are still not fully protected from marital rape because prohibitions are conditional in countries such as Jamaica, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Lucia, and Belize" (17).
June 12, 2026, 3:45 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In 2022, Belgium adopted the Law amending the Penal Code with regard to sexual criminal law. Article 12 defines rape as ‘any act which consists of sexual penetration of any nature and by any means whatsoever, committed against a person or with the assistance of a person who does not consent’" (para 36).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In 2022, Belgium adopted the Law amending the Penal Code with regard to sexual criminal law. Article 12 defines rape as ‘any act which consists of sexual penetration of any nature and by any means whatsoever, committed against a person or with the assistance of a person who does not consent’" (para 36).
June 12, 2026, 2:59 p.m.
Countries: Bolivia
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law established penalties of imprisonment for 15 to 20 years for the rape of an adult (man or woman), including spousal and domestic or intimate partner rape and so-called corrective rape of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons, but it was rarely enforced" (23).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law established penalties of imprisonment for 15 to 20 years for the rape of an adult (man or woman), including spousal and domestic or intimate partner rape and so-called corrective rape of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons, but it was rarely enforced" (23).
June 12, 2026, 2:41 p.m.
Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape and did not refer to gender in its definition of rape. In cases of rape involving minors, sentences for conviction ranged from five to 15 years in prison. In extreme cases, a person convicted of rape could be imprisoned for life. Spousal rape was illegal and prosecuted as a misdemeanor" (13).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape and did not refer to gender in its definition of rape. In cases of rape involving minors, sentences for conviction ranged from five to 15 years in prison. In extreme cases, a person convicted of rape could be imprisoned for life. Spousal rape was illegal and prosecuted as a misdemeanor" (13).
June 12, 2026, 2:35 p.m.
Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Bhutan, marital rape is explicitly recognised as an offence and penalised. Section 199 of the Bhutanese Penal Code defines marital rape as a coercive or forcible sexual intercourse within a marriage. Section 200 stipulates that a person guilty of marital rape shall have to undergo imprisonment for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of three years" (para 3).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Bhutan, marital rape is explicitly recognised as an offence and penalised. Section 199 of the Bhutanese Penal Code defines marital rape as a coercive or forcible sexual intercourse within a marriage. Section 200 stipulates that a person guilty of marital rape shall have to undergo imprisonment for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of three years" (para 3).
June 8, 2026, 2:27 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
" In 1986, the European Parliament Resolution on Violence against Women recommended for criminalization of Marital Rape, which was implemented immediately in Germany, France, Luxembourg and Belgium" (2).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
" In 1986, the European Parliament Resolution on Violence against Women recommended for criminalization of Marital Rape, which was implemented immediately in Germany, France, Luxembourg and Belgium" (2).
June 8, 2026, 1:14 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, is illegal, and the government prosecuted such cases" (12).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, is illegal, and the government prosecuted such cases" (12).
June 8, 2026, 12:55 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Belgium, rape is ruled by article 375 of the Criminal Code (L. 04-07-1989, art. 1, 1°), according to which it is 'any act of sexual penetration, regardless of its nature and by whatever means, committed against a non-consenting person (…). Consent is not considered to have been given, if the crime is committed by violence, coercion or deceit, or is made possible by the infirmity or physical or mental impairment of the victim'. Marital rape is forbidden and condemned by the law as it represents an aggravating circumstance in cases of rape" (156).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Belgium, rape is ruled by article 375 of the Criminal Code (L. 04-07-1989, art. 1, 1°), according to which it is 'any act of sexual penetration, regardless of its nature and by whatever means, committed against a non-consenting person (…). Consent is not considered to have been given, if the crime is committed by violence, coercion or deceit, or is made possible by the infirmity or physical or mental impairment of the victim'. Marital rape is forbidden and condemned by the law as it represents an aggravating circumstance in cases of rape" (156).
June 1, 2026, 7 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Are there laws or policies that: Explicitly criminalize marital rape - No"
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Are there laws or policies that: Explicitly criminalize marital rape - No"
June 1, 2026, 5:38 p.m.
Countries: Belarus
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Are there laws or policies that: Explicitly criminalize marital rape - No"
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Are there laws or policies that: Explicitly criminalize marital rape - No"
June 1, 2026, 3:25 p.m.
Countries: Belarus
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
". Criminal liability for domestic violence and marital rape is still not established as the State does not see is as ‘an acute’ problem."
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
". Criminal liability for domestic violence and marital rape is still not established as the State does not see is as ‘an acute’ problem."
June 1, 2026, 2:17 p.m.
Countries: Belarus
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Eurasia, the following countries do not include lack of consent as an element of the crime of rape, do not contemplate any coercive circumstances, and specifically require the use of violence: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan."
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Eurasia, the following countries do not include lack of consent as an element of the crime of rape, do not contemplate any coercive circumstances, and specifically require the use of violence: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan."
June 1, 2026, 12:25 p.m.
Countries: Barbados
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"A husband commits the offence of rape where he has sexual intercourse with his wife without her consent by force or fear where there is in existence in relation to them Cap. 214. (a) a decree nisi of divorce; (b) a separation order within the meaning of section 2 of the Family Law Act; (c) a separation agreement; or (d) an order for the husband not to molest his wife or have sexual intercourse with her. "
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"A husband commits the offence of rape where he has sexual intercourse with his wife without her consent by force or fear where there is in existence in relation to them Cap. 214. (a) a decree nisi of divorce; (b) a separation order within the meaning of section 2 of the Family Law Act; (c) a separation agreement; or (d) an order for the husband not to molest his wife or have sexual intercourse with her. "
May 23, 2026, 3 p.m.
Countries: Belarus
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape of a person, regardless of gender but did not include separate provisions on marital rape" (80).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape of a person, regardless of gender but did not include separate provisions on marital rape" (80).
April 15, 2026, 10:13 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"marital rape is not defined in Bahrain’s penal law"(para 28).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"marital rape is not defined in Bahrain’s penal law"(para 28).
April 15, 2026, 9:11 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law does not address spousal rape. Penalties for rape include life imprisonment and execution in cases where the victim is a minor younger than 16, if the rapist is the custodian or guardian of the victim, or when the rape leads to the victim’s death."
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law does not address spousal rape. Penalties for rape include life imprisonment and execution in cases where the victim is a minor younger than 16, if the rapist is the custodian or guardian of the victim, or when the rape leads to the victim’s death."
April 15, 2026, 8:53 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"This term is not defined because marital rape is not criminalized in the Kingdom of Bahrain."(para 11).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"This term is not defined because marital rape is not criminalized in the Kingdom of Bahrain."(para 11).
April 15, 2026, 8:46 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The Penal Code includes sanctions against acts of domestic violence but does not criminalize marital rape. Honor crimes continue to receive mitigated sentences under the Penal Code, which also exempts a rapist for punishment if he marries his victim."(para 9).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The Penal Code includes sanctions against acts of domestic violence but does not criminalize marital rape. Honor crimes continue to receive mitigated sentences under the Penal Code, which also exempts a rapist for punishment if he marries his victim."(para 9).
April 15, 2026, 8:19 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Nevertheless, Section 375 of the Penal Code defines rape and its exception. According to exception 2 of this section, sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under 13 years of age, is not rape. Therefore, the Penal Code keeps coercive and non-consensual sexual intercourse by a husband with his wife above 13 years of age outside the ambit of rape. Again Section 376 deals with the punishment of rape which varies depending on whether the victim is married or not. In the case of marital rape, Section 376 states that the husband will be liable of raping his wife for punishment which may extend...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Nevertheless, Section 375 of the Penal Code defines rape and its exception. According to exception 2 of this section, sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under 13 years of age, is not rape. Therefore, the Penal Code keeps coercive and non-consensual sexual intercourse by a husband with his wife above 13 years of age outside the ambit of rape. Again Section 376 deals with the punishment of rape which varies depending on whether the victim is married or not. In the case of marital rape, Section 376 states that the husband will be liable of raping his wife for punishment which may extend...more
April 8, 2026, 10:24 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Bangladesh’s Penal Code of 1860 allows husbands over the age of 13 to be protected from charges of rape . . . The Penal Code 1860 of Bangladesh provides immunity for marital rape as long as the wife is above 13 years old, which leaves married women unprotected from sexual assaults by their husbands. Marital rape exemptions exist throughout different sections of the Code, starting with Section 376 and continuing in Section 9(1) of the Nari o ShishuNirjatonDomon Ain 2000. "
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Bangladesh’s Penal Code of 1860 allows husbands over the age of 13 to be protected from charges of rape . . . The Penal Code 1860 of Bangladesh provides immunity for marital rape as long as the wife is above 13 years old, which leaves married women unprotected from sexual assaults by their husbands. Marital rape exemptions exist throughout different sections of the Code, starting with Section 376 and continuing in Section 9(1) of the Nari o ShishuNirjatonDomon Ain 2000. "
April 8, 2026, 9:38 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"10.4.1 Section 375 of the Penal Code defines ‘rape’ as sexual intercourse taking place without the will or consent of, or by obtaining consent with false promises, with any women under the age of 14. Marital rape is not criminalised providing the wife is aged over 13 years."(para 183)
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"10.4.1 Section 375 of the Penal Code defines ‘rape’ as sexual intercourse taking place without the will or consent of, or by obtaining consent with false promises, with any women under the age of 14. Marital rape is not criminalised providing the wife is aged over 13 years."(para 183)
April 8, 2026, 8:50 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In 2010, Bangladesh passed the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act (DVA), which is an important step in defining domestic violence, which includes physical, psychological, sexual and economic violence. The law also provides important protection measures for victims and criminalizes violations of protection order, but this invisible and self-evident crime of marital rape was ignored in this case.""In Bangladesh, marital rape is always de facto but not de jure. Because the law recognizes the offense, it is a common but under-reported crime. In Bangladeshi law, the outdated definition of rape makes it unable to provide adequate legal assistance to assault victims. Proving marital rape is extremely tough. When the case...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In 2010, Bangladesh passed the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act (DVA), which is an important step in defining domestic violence, which includes physical, psychological, sexual and economic violence. The law also provides important protection measures for victims and criminalizes violations of protection order, but this invisible and self-evident crime of marital rape was ignored in this case.""In Bangladesh, marital rape is always de facto but not de jure. Because the law recognizes the offense, it is a common but under-reported crime. In Bangladeshi law, the outdated definition of rape makes it unable to provide adequate legal assistance to assault victims. Proving marital rape is extremely tough. When the case...more
April 8, 2026, 7:44 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"While the Bangladesh Penal Code, 1860 under article 375 acknowledging that sexual intercourse against her will and without her consent constitute rape, the same article exempts marital rape if the wife is not under the age of 13 years old."(para 3)."The marital rape exemption is the legacy of the British colonial rulers when the current Penal Code was enacted 1860. While England itself criminalized marital rape in 1991, the law is still in place in Bangladesh the nineteenth century mindset of European legislatures that upon marriage, a wife became the property."(para 4).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"While the Bangladesh Penal Code, 1860 under article 375 acknowledging that sexual intercourse against her will and without her consent constitute rape, the same article exempts marital rape if the wife is not under the age of 13 years old."(para 3)."The marital rape exemption is the legacy of the British colonial rulers when the current Penal Code was enacted 1860. While England itself criminalized marital rape in 1991, the law is still in place in Bangladesh the nineteenth century mindset of European legislatures that upon marriage, a wife became the property."(para 4).