Latest items for LRCM-PRACTICE-1
June 19, 2026, 2:23 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-2
"It was also noted that the absence of or delays in reporting SGBV, including rape, incest, and defilement, could occur due to shame, stigma, attempting to maintain privacy, and/or fear of losing financial support" (para 26).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-2
"It was also noted that the absence of or delays in reporting SGBV, including rape, incest, and defilement, could occur due to shame, stigma, attempting to maintain privacy, and/or fear of losing financial support" (para 26).
June 17, 2026, 10:29 a.m.
Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is starkly underreported and classified as a petty misdemeanour, carrying a maximum sentence of one year’s imprisonment, whereas rape outside of marriage is criminalized as a third-degree felony, which carries a higher prison sentence" (7).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is starkly underreported and classified as a petty misdemeanour, carrying a maximum sentence of one year’s imprisonment, whereas rape outside of marriage is criminalized as a third-degree felony, which carries a higher prison sentence" (7).
June 17, 2026, 10:11 a.m.
Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The failure of police to treat spousal rape as a serious offense inhibited the effective enforcement of the law. Women survivors of rape did not have regular access to free social support or assistance as mandated by the law, and continued to encounter prejudice, stigma, and discrimination in their communities and from representatives of public institutions" (38).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The failure of police to treat spousal rape as a serious offense inhibited the effective enforcement of the law. Women survivors of rape did not have regular access to free social support or assistance as mandated by the law, and continued to encounter prejudice, stigma, and discrimination in their communities and from representatives of public institutions" (38).
June 16, 2026, 7:19 p.m.
Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Unfortunately, only a small number of women decide to report [sexual] violence to the police, often due to fear from the perpetrator, fear of stigmatization, lack of trust in institutions, or lack of information about available assistance. According to an OSCE survey, as many as 84% of women did not report violence to the authorities" (10). This underreporting is for sexual violence at large, which would indicate underreporting for rape and marital rape (CEC2 - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Unfortunately, only a small number of women decide to report [sexual] violence to the police, often due to fear from the perpetrator, fear of stigmatization, lack of trust in institutions, or lack of information about available assistance. According to an OSCE survey, as many as 84% of women did not report violence to the authorities" (10). This underreporting is for sexual violence at large, which would indicate underreporting for rape and marital rape (CEC2 - CODER COMMENT).
June 14, 2026, 1:19 a.m.
Countries: Benin
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"There is law against rape however, enforcement is weak. The rape culture in Benin and its taboo nature perpetuates violence and protects perpetrators as it places the onus on victims who worry about fitting back into the community and how they would perceived instead of on the perpetrators of violence" (9).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"There is law against rape however, enforcement is weak. The rape culture in Benin and its taboo nature perpetuates violence and protects perpetrators as it places the onus on victims who worry about fitting back into the community and how they would perceived instead of on the perpetrators of violence" (9).
June 14, 2026, 1:07 a.m.
Countries: Nigeria
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"societal norms support the notion that marriage entitles men to have sex with their wives" (2).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"societal norms support the notion that marriage entitles men to have sex with their wives" (2).
June 13, 2026, 11:18 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"[Male] sexual violence is rarely reported due to prevailing cultural and societal attitudes that do not see men as victims" (para 29).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"[Male] sexual violence is rarely reported due to prevailing cultural and societal attitudes that do not see men as victims" (para 29).
June 13, 2026, 11:06 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"(4) No prosecution shall be brought for the offence of marital rape except with the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions" (72).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"(4) No prosecution shall be brought for the offence of marital rape except with the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions" (72).
June 13, 2026, 10:50 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"There is reportedly a social acceptance of sexual violence and perpetrators are rarely brought to justice for violence and abusive sexual behaviour (National Women’s Commission, 2012). Research shows that many cases of sexual violence and rape do not reach court or are dropped while the trial is in process (National Women’s Commission, 2013). Additionally, charges are dropped reportedly due to the victim’s fear for personal safety (US Department of State, 2016). Cases of rape and sexual violence are largely underreported because of fear of retribution, social stigma and lack of trust towards the police and the justice system" (27).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"There is reportedly a social acceptance of sexual violence and perpetrators are rarely brought to justice for violence and abusive sexual behaviour (National Women’s Commission, 2012). Research shows that many cases of sexual violence and rape do not reach court or are dropped while the trial is in process (National Women’s Commission, 2013). Additionally, charges are dropped reportedly due to the victim’s fear for personal safety (US Department of State, 2016). Cases of rape and sexual violence are largely underreported because of fear of retribution, social stigma and lack of trust towards the police and the justice system" (27).
June 8, 2026, 2:45 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"According to the letter of the law, in Belgium, the intimate partner relation between the victim and the defendant should not result in lesser punishment of the perpetrators of violent sex crimes. Yet our estimates reveal that, at a major Belgian court, violent sex crime defendants who are the victims’ current spouses or partners are sentenced considerably less harshly than defendants in comparable sex crimes who are unrelated to the victim, in the sense that they are neither the victim’s current or former spouses or partners, nor family" (20).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"According to the letter of the law, in Belgium, the intimate partner relation between the victim and the defendant should not result in lesser punishment of the perpetrators of violent sex crimes. Yet our estimates reveal that, at a major Belgian court, violent sex crime defendants who are the victims’ current spouses or partners are sentenced considerably less harshly than defendants in comparable sex crimes who are unrelated to the victim, in the sense that they are neither the victim’s current or former spouses or partners, nor family" (20).
June 1, 2026, 5:25 p.m.
Countries: Belarus
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"In cases where victims are able to report their abuse, they still lack legal literacy to advance their claims. Many victims are not educated on their rights, administrative procedures, and the relevant legislation governing protections and remedies. In cases where victims seek assistance from law enforcement, police officers reportedly demonstrate disinterest in properly informing women about their rights.33 Reports indicate that police officers often do not know what procedural steps are needed to initiate an investigation in cases of sexualized violence by a spouse/partner.34 In an interview with NGOs coalition, a victim of DV stated, "The policeman told me that I should not write that my husband raped me, but...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"In cases where victims are able to report their abuse, they still lack legal literacy to advance their claims. Many victims are not educated on their rights, administrative procedures, and the relevant legislation governing protections and remedies. In cases where victims seek assistance from law enforcement, police officers reportedly demonstrate disinterest in properly informing women about their rights.33 Reports indicate that police officers often do not know what procedural steps are needed to initiate an investigation in cases of sexualized violence by a spouse/partner.34 In an interview with NGOs coalition, a victim of DV stated, "The policeman told me that I should not write that my husband raped me, but...more
June 1, 2026, 2 p.m.
Countries: Belarus
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"In Belarus, 37% of respondents believe that women frequently make false rape accusations, 41% think that “men cannot control their sexual urges,” and 15% blame women for provoking attacks"(para 58).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"In Belarus, 37% of respondents believe that women frequently make false rape accusations, 41% think that “men cannot control their sexual urges,” and 15% blame women for provoking attacks"(para 58).
May 23, 2026, 3:01 p.m.
Countries: Belarus
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The law criminalized rape of a person, regardless of gender but did not include separate provisions on marital rape... According to NGOs, authorities often did not adequately consider spousal rape incidents and did not prosecute such cases unless they involved severe aggravating factors such as death or direct threats to survivors’ lives. While sexual assault and rape were significant problems, authorities generally prosecuted cases of nonspousal rape" (80).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The law criminalized rape of a person, regardless of gender but did not include separate provisions on marital rape... According to NGOs, authorities often did not adequately consider spousal rape incidents and did not prosecute such cases unless they involved severe aggravating factors such as death or direct threats to survivors’ lives. While sexual assault and rape were significant problems, authorities generally prosecuted cases of nonspousal rape" (80).
April 28, 2026, 3:57 p.m.
Countries: United States
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"[C]ultural phenomena such as familismo and marianismo, along with a rigid adherence to certain Catholic values, often pressure survivors to stay silent and endure the violence" (Para 19). A big part of their culture is family roles and the idea that women take after the Virgin Mary and are always nurturing, self-sacrificing, and modest. Going against these views would be taboo (CODER COMMENT-JS).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"[C]ultural phenomena such as familismo and marianismo, along with a rigid adherence to certain Catholic values, often pressure survivors to stay silent and endure the violence" (Para 19). A big part of their culture is family roles and the idea that women take after the Virgin Mary and are always nurturing, self-sacrificing, and modest. Going against these views would be taboo (CODER COMMENT-JS).
April 15, 2026, 10:13 a.m.
Countries: Bahrain
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Marriage in Islam is based on kindness and equity, compassion and love, sympathy and consideration, patience, and goodwill, and in most Islamic countries, it is impossible to define rape in the context of marriage even if it occurs since there is a religious and cultural presumption that marriages are peaceful because husbands and wives always agree. Accordingly, marital rape is not defined in Bahrain’s penal law"(para 28).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Marriage in Islam is based on kindness and equity, compassion and love, sympathy and consideration, patience, and goodwill, and in most Islamic countries, it is impossible to define rape in the context of marriage even if it occurs since there is a religious and cultural presumption that marriages are peaceful because husbands and wives always agree. Accordingly, marital rape is not defined in Bahrain’s penal law"(para 28).
April 15, 2026, 8:19 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Many [Bangladeshi] women think that after they get married, they have no choice but to comply with their husband’s wishes to engage in non-consensual sexual activities. Thereby, they start to believe they have no right to exercise control over their body which eventually forces women to consider it as a right of the husband which must be tolerated by any means."
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Many [Bangladeshi] women think that after they get married, they have no choice but to comply with their husband’s wishes to engage in non-consensual sexual activities. Thereby, they start to believe they have no right to exercise control over their body which eventually forces women to consider it as a right of the husband which must be tolerated by any means."
April 8, 2026, 10:24 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The legal provision is complemented by misogynistic religious doctrines and patriarchal ideology, in addition to seeing women as the property of men that permits marital rape to be considered legitimate at the same time victims are forced into silence" "Since Bangladesh fails to onsider marital rape as a criminal offense, its laws do not have provisions for it. Women's status as property belonging to husbands justifies why marital rape remains outside legal recognition by mandating spouses to use their wives within their discretion. The husband possesses complete authority to expect his wife to meet his sexual demands without her requesting any consent. This view positions itself in patriarchal traditions of...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The legal provision is complemented by misogynistic religious doctrines and patriarchal ideology, in addition to seeing women as the property of men that permits marital rape to be considered legitimate at the same time victims are forced into silence" "Since Bangladesh fails to onsider marital rape as a criminal offense, its laws do not have provisions for it. Women's status as property belonging to husbands justifies why marital rape remains outside legal recognition by mandating spouses to use their wives within their discretion. The husband possesses complete authority to expect his wife to meet his sexual demands without her requesting any consent. This view positions itself in patriarchal traditions of...more
April 8, 2026, 8:50 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Marital rape is so common in our society [Bangladesh] that women generally do not consider violence against themselves to be serious or noteworthy. If a wife is asked she will file a police report against her husband for forcing her to intercourse, she will answer “later.” “What’s the point of complaining?” The main reason for this is that Bangladeshi girls are taught from family that society regards domestic violence as stupid violence that usually occurs within the family. "
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Marital rape is so common in our society [Bangladesh] that women generally do not consider violence against themselves to be serious or noteworthy. If a wife is asked she will file a police report against her husband for forcing her to intercourse, she will answer “later.” “What’s the point of complaining?” The main reason for this is that Bangladeshi girls are taught from family that society regards domestic violence as stupid violence that usually occurs within the family. "
April 8, 2026, 8:01 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Marital rape—a concept that South Asian populations often struggle to grasp due to deeply entrenched patriarchal norms—is another horrifying extension of domestic violence. In many communities, the notion that a husband can rape his wife is incomprehensible because it challenges the assumption that men have an inherent entitlement to sexual access within marriage. Society often questions, "He is her husband, how can it be rape?"—failing to understand the fundamental principle of "consent.""(para 11)."Domestic violence poses significant physical, emotional, and psychological dangers to victims, often creating an environment of fear and helplessness. In many cases, the abusive behaviours escalate over time, leading to a cycle of control and manipulation that leaves...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Marital rape—a concept that South Asian populations often struggle to grasp due to deeply entrenched patriarchal norms—is another horrifying extension of domestic violence. In many communities, the notion that a husband can rape his wife is incomprehensible because it challenges the assumption that men have an inherent entitlement to sexual access within marriage. Society often questions, "He is her husband, how can it be rape?"—failing to understand the fundamental principle of "consent.""(para 11)."Domestic violence poses significant physical, emotional, and psychological dangers to victims, often creating an environment of fear and helplessness. In many cases, the abusive behaviours escalate over time, leading to a cycle of control and manipulation that leaves...more
April 8, 2026, 7:44 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Globally and in Bangladesh rape is a crime that is severely underreported and conviction rates for alleged offenders are low. Statistics on marital rape are unavailable of unreliable in all countries may it be due to misconceptions and stigma, lack of legislation or the difficulty to prove lack of consent to sexual intercourse even if marital rape is considered a criminal offence" (para 5).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Globally and in Bangladesh rape is a crime that is severely underreported and conviction rates for alleged offenders are low. Statistics on marital rape are unavailable of unreliable in all countries may it be due to misconceptions and stigma, lack of legislation or the difficulty to prove lack of consent to sexual intercourse even if marital rape is considered a criminal offence" (para 5).
April 1, 2026, 9:22 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Rape, including spousal rape and intimate partner rape, was illegal and punishable by up to 12 years’ imprisonment if convicted, depending on aggravating situations. The government did not enforce the law effectively. Limited investigative resources, poor forensic capabilities, and an ineffective judicial system prevented prosecution of most cases. A 2021 study conducted by the NGO Mosaiko stated 53 percent of women in rural communities and urban peripheries did not report domestic violence to civil authorities, and even sexual abuse of adolescents was often addressed by the village leaders and not reported to police. Only aggravated rape cases with severe injuries and rape of children were reported to police."more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Rape, including spousal rape and intimate partner rape, was illegal and punishable by up to 12 years’ imprisonment if convicted, depending on aggravating situations. The government did not enforce the law effectively. Limited investigative resources, poor forensic capabilities, and an ineffective judicial system prevented prosecution of most cases. A 2021 study conducted by the NGO Mosaiko stated 53 percent of women in rural communities and urban peripheries did not report domestic violence to civil authorities, and even sexual abuse of adolescents was often addressed by the village leaders and not reported to police. Only aggravated rape cases with severe injuries and rape of children were reported to police."more
March 25, 2026, 11:02 a.m.
Countries: Argentina
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"There were anecdotal reports of police or judicial reluctance to act on rape cases; women’s rights advocates alleged the attitudes of police, hospitals, and courts toward survivors of sexual violence sometimes victimized them again, often by forcing them to recount details of their trauma, conflating silence with consent, or admitting as evidence their past sexual history"
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"There were anecdotal reports of police or judicial reluctance to act on rape cases; women’s rights advocates alleged the attitudes of police, hospitals, and courts toward survivors of sexual violence sometimes victimized them again, often by forcing them to recount details of their trauma, conflating silence with consent, or admitting as evidence their past sexual history"
March 25, 2026, 9:58 a.m.
Countries: Argentina
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Current policies surrounding rape are ineffective, both on a state level and internationally. There are no agreed upon definitions of rape, the international laws and enforcement frameworks to prevent or prosecute rape don’t really exist, local governments don’t always have the ability, want, or stability to enact laws to stop rape, and local custom often don’t recognize rape as a crime to begin with. Both Argentina and Bulgaria have neglected noting that all forms of rape are a crime, need to expand rape laws, make it easier for victims to file reports, and need to make it more likely that prosecutors will file charges for the crime of rape, including...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Current policies surrounding rape are ineffective, both on a state level and internationally. There are no agreed upon definitions of rape, the international laws and enforcement frameworks to prevent or prosecute rape don’t really exist, local governments don’t always have the ability, want, or stability to enact laws to stop rape, and local custom often don’t recognize rape as a crime to begin with. Both Argentina and Bulgaria have neglected noting that all forms of rape are a crime, need to expand rape laws, make it easier for victims to file reports, and need to make it more likely that prosecutors will file charges for the crime of rape, including...more
March 25, 2026, 9:57 a.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Current policies surrounding rape are ineffective, both on a state level and internationally. There are no agreed upon definitions of rape, the international laws and enforcement frameworks to prevent or prosecute rape don’t really exist, local governments don’t always have the ability, want, or stability to enact laws to stop rape, and local custom often don’t recognize rape as a crime to begin with. Both Argentina and Bulgaria have neglected noting that all forms of rape are a crime, need to expand rape laws, make it easier for victims to file reports, and need to make it more likely that prosecutors will file charges for the crime of rape, including...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Current policies surrounding rape are ineffective, both on a state level and internationally. There are no agreed upon definitions of rape, the international laws and enforcement frameworks to prevent or prosecute rape don’t really exist, local governments don’t always have the ability, want, or stability to enact laws to stop rape, and local custom often don’t recognize rape as a crime to begin with. Both Argentina and Bulgaria have neglected noting that all forms of rape are a crime, need to expand rape laws, make it easier for victims to file reports, and need to make it more likely that prosecutors will file charges for the crime of rape, including...more
Feb. 25, 2026, 9:36 a.m.
Countries: Albania
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Despite its prevalence, marital rape is often overlooked or dismissed as a private matter between spouses. This is particularly true in Albania, where social, cultural, and legal factors can make it challenging to identify and prevent marital rape. One of the biggest challenges in identifying marital rape in Albania is the lack of awareness and understanding of the concept. The paper identify the forms of marital rape and women consequences. Many people, including law enforcement officials, still believe that a spouse cannot rape their partner, as they assume that consent is automatically given within marriage. This attitude can lead to underreporting and a lack of action taken against perpetrators, making...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Despite its prevalence, marital rape is often overlooked or dismissed as a private matter between spouses. This is particularly true in Albania, where social, cultural, and legal factors can make it challenging to identify and prevent marital rape. One of the biggest challenges in identifying marital rape in Albania is the lack of awareness and understanding of the concept. The paper identify the forms of marital rape and women consequences. Many people, including law enforcement officials, still believe that a spouse cannot rape their partner, as they assume that consent is automatically given within marriage. This attitude can lead to underreporting and a lack of action taken against perpetrators, making...more
Feb. 11, 2026, 8:27 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"However, in societies like Afghanistan, this behavior is not only unpunished but is often seen as a 'man’s right'" (para 2)."In Afghan society, religious beliefs, customs, and unwritten laws impose further suffering on women. For various reasons—such as preserving family honor and the shame associated with this phenomenon—women cannot speak out about this violence and are unable to escape it. Social and familial norms further pressure women to remain in the role of the 'obedient wife.' Jurisprudential teachings support this situation, considering intimacy with the husband as a woman’s duty. In this system, a woman’s psychological or physical readiness is ignored, and a woman who refuses sexual relations is labeled...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"However, in societies like Afghanistan, this behavior is not only unpunished but is often seen as a 'man’s right'" (para 2)."In Afghan society, religious beliefs, customs, and unwritten laws impose further suffering on women. For various reasons—such as preserving family honor and the shame associated with this phenomenon—women cannot speak out about this violence and are unable to escape it. Social and familial norms further pressure women to remain in the role of the 'obedient wife.' Jurisprudential teachings support this situation, considering intimacy with the husband as a woman’s duty. In this system, a woman’s psychological or physical readiness is ignored, and a woman who refuses sexual relations is labeled...more
April 11, 2025, 4:20 p.m.
Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The National Survey of Women’s Health and Life Experiences conducted by the National Commission for Women and Children in 2017 (‘NCWC Survey’) found that 4.5% of ever-married women had been subjected to sexual violence by their partner during their lifetime. However, rates of reporting of marital rape remain incredibly low in Bhutan. As per data from the Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan - 2020, over a period of 5 years between 2015-2019, there has been only one case of marital rape recorded with the Royal Bhutan Police. These low levels of reporting are also corroborated by the findings of the NCWC Survey, which found that 41.4% of women and girls who...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The National Survey of Women’s Health and Life Experiences conducted by the National Commission for Women and Children in 2017 (‘NCWC Survey’) found that 4.5% of ever-married women had been subjected to sexual violence by their partner during their lifetime. However, rates of reporting of marital rape remain incredibly low in Bhutan. As per data from the Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan - 2020, over a period of 5 years between 2015-2019, there has been only one case of marital rape recorded with the Royal Bhutan Police. These low levels of reporting are also corroborated by the findings of the NCWC Survey, which found that 41.4% of women and girls who...more
April 9, 2025, 10:24 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
Figure 5, titled "Percentage of Men and Women Age 15-49 Who Agree That a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife for Specific Reasons," shows that 5% of men and 19% of women think a husband is justified in beating his wife if she refuses conjugal relations as and when the husband wants (14).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
Figure 5, titled "Percentage of Men and Women Age 15-49 Who Agree That a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife for Specific Reasons," shows that 5% of men and 19% of women think a husband is justified in beating his wife if she refuses conjugal relations as and when the husband wants (14).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Of further concern is the fact that marital rape is not prosecuted or deemed as abuse. Neither nonconsensual sex nor incest is enumerated in the DV Law as a type of sexual violence. The Criminal Code Article 239, which defines rape, does not explicitly include a spouse or partner so some advocates of prosecution state that the law prohibits marital rape, but many judges, police, and prosecutors view all sex between spouses or partners to be legal regardless of consent... 2019 research by Cambodian HIV/AIDS Education and Care (CHEC) showed that only 72% of local authorities surveyed in 4 rural districts identified forced sex on an intimate partner as a...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Of further concern is the fact that marital rape is not prosecuted or deemed as abuse. Neither nonconsensual sex nor incest is enumerated in the DV Law as a type of sexual violence. The Criminal Code Article 239, which defines rape, does not explicitly include a spouse or partner so some advocates of prosecution state that the law prohibits marital rape, but many judges, police, and prosecutors view all sex between spouses or partners to be legal regardless of consent... 2019 research by Cambodian HIV/AIDS Education and Care (CHEC) showed that only 72% of local authorities surveyed in 4 rural districts identified forced sex on an intimate partner as a...more
March 21, 2025, 3:28 p.m.
Countries: Switzerland
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Other legislative gaps that contravene international human rights law and standards include a narrow definition of rape that envisages that only 'persons of the female sex' can be victims of rape and only via forced vaginal intercourse as well as non-compliance in the law with some provisions on aggravating circumstances as set out in the Istanbul Convention. Furthermore, Amnesty International is concerned that several offences covering acts of a sexual nature considered a lesser offence than rape under Swiss law allow for judges to consider a reduction in the penalty or an exemption from prosecution if the perpetrator is the husband or the partner of the victim" (2).more
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Other legislative gaps that contravene international human rights law and standards include a narrow definition of rape that envisages that only 'persons of the female sex' can be victims of rape and only via forced vaginal intercourse as well as non-compliance in the law with some provisions on aggravating circumstances as set out in the Istanbul Convention. Furthermore, Amnesty International is concerned that several offences covering acts of a sexual nature considered a lesser offence than rape under Swiss law allow for judges to consider a reduction in the penalty or an exemption from prosecution if the perpetrator is the husband or the partner of the victim" (2).more