Latest items for LRW-LAW-1
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:08 p.m.
Countries: Tanzania
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
“(ii) Violence against women: A further gap exists in the regulation of violence against women. While rape is criminalised, there is no specific legislative response to domestic violence” (80).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
“(ii) Violence against women: A further gap exists in the regulation of violence against women. While rape is criminalised, there is no specific legislative response to domestic violence” (80).
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:08 p.m.
Countries: Sudan
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-1
“The Criminal Act prohibits rape, though marital rape is not prohibited and women in Muslim marriages are expected to obey their husbands. The Penal Code prohibits female genital mutilation” (77).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-1
“The Criminal Act prohibits rape, though marital rape is not prohibited and women in Muslim marriages are expected to obey their husbands. The Penal Code prohibits female genital mutilation” (77).
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:07 p.m.
Countries: South Sudan
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
”South Sudan has however adopted legislation to combat violence against women and certain harmful practices. The Penal Code prohibits rape, female genital mutilation, and forced marriage. In addition, the Child’s Act prohibits early marriage, though no specific minimum age for marriage is provided in the Act or the Constitution. The Constitution states that every person of marriageable age has the right to marry according to their respective family laws - which has serious implications on child marriage since certain community customs define the end of childhood as the attainment of puberty. However, in a widely publicised case, a court annulled the marriage of a 16-year-old girl. There is thus potential...more
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
”South Sudan has however adopted legislation to combat violence against women and certain harmful practices. The Penal Code prohibits rape, female genital mutilation, and forced marriage. In addition, the Child’s Act prohibits early marriage, though no specific minimum age for marriage is provided in the Act or the Constitution. The Constitution states that every person of marriageable age has the right to marry according to their respective family laws - which has serious implications on child marriage since certain community customs define the end of childhood as the attainment of puberty. However, in a widely publicised case, a court annulled the marriage of a 16-year-old girl. There is thus potential...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:59 p.m.
Countries: Malawi
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
“(ii) Marital rape: Another key gap in Malawi’s laws relates to marital rape, which is not unequivocally outlawed. Malawi’s Penal Code defines rape as unlawful carnal knowledge with a woman or girl without her consent, however, courts have held that this does not extend to marriage: “The question has been raised whether a wife can lawfully refuse intercourse at any time, that is to say, irrespective of custom and place, etc. in this connection, it would seem reasonable for a respectable wife to refuse her husband, e.g., in a public place in front of other people. But in a normal way, I doubt whether she can do so... It has...more
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
“(ii) Marital rape: Another key gap in Malawi’s laws relates to marital rape, which is not unequivocally outlawed. Malawi’s Penal Code defines rape as unlawful carnal knowledge with a woman or girl without her consent, however, courts have held that this does not extend to marriage: “The question has been raised whether a wife can lawfully refuse intercourse at any time, that is to say, irrespective of custom and place, etc. in this connection, it would seem reasonable for a respectable wife to refuse her husband, e.g., in a public place in front of other people. But in a normal way, I doubt whether she can do so... It has...more
Aug. 12, 2026, 1:55 p.m.
Countries: Bahamas
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-PRACTICE-1, DV-LAW-1
"The law criminalized rape of men and women; however, spousal rape was not a crime. The maximum penalty for an initial rape conviction was seven years in prison. The maximum sentence for subsequent rape convictions was life imprisonment. The Domestic Violence (Protection) Orders Act protected heterosexual partners against domestic and sexual violence. Similar protections were not available for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons. The government generally enforced the law effectively, although activists suspected heterosexual and homosexual rape were underreported” (13).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-PRACTICE-1, DV-LAW-1
"The law criminalized rape of men and women; however, spousal rape was not a crime. The maximum penalty for an initial rape conviction was seven years in prison. The maximum sentence for subsequent rape convictions was life imprisonment. The Domestic Violence (Protection) Orders Act protected heterosexual partners against domestic and sexual violence. Similar protections were not available for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons. The government generally enforced the law effectively, although activists suspected heterosexual and homosexual rape were underreported” (13).
Aug. 12, 2026, 1:52 p.m.
Countries: Azerbaijan
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape of a person, regardless of gender, was illegal, and conviction carried a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. The government enforced the law in some cases but not others such as spousal rape, resulting in inadequate enforcement of the law” (52).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape of a person, regardless of gender, was illegal, and conviction carried a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. The government enforced the law in some cases but not others such as spousal rape, resulting in inadequate enforcement of the law” (52).
Aug. 12, 2026, 1:49 p.m.
Countries: Austria
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, was punishable by up to 15 years’ imprisonment; domestic violence was punishable under the criminal code provisions for murder, rape, sexual abuse, and bodily injury. The government generally enforced the law, and the law enforcement response to rape and domestic violence was generally effective. In May, two of three Afghan men involved in the 2021 drugging, rape, and murder of a girl, age 13, were convicted of rape and murder; they received sentences of life and 20 years. The third man involved was convicted in December 2022” (12-13).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, was punishable by up to 15 years’ imprisonment; domestic violence was punishable under the criminal code provisions for murder, rape, sexual abuse, and bodily injury. The government generally enforced the law, and the law enforcement response to rape and domestic violence was generally effective. In May, two of three Afghan men involved in the 2021 drugging, rape, and murder of a girl, age 13, were convicted of rape and murder; they received sentences of life and 20 years. The third man involved was convicted in December 2022” (12-13).
Aug. 11, 2026, 2:35 p.m.
Countries: Australia
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized rape of women and men, including spousal rape, and the government enforced the law effectively. The laws of individual states and territories provided the penalties for rape. Maximum penalties ranged from 12 years to life imprisonment, depending on the jurisdiction and aggravating factors” (12).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized rape of women and men, including spousal rape, and the government enforced the law effectively. The laws of individual states and territories provided the penalties for rape. Maximum penalties ranged from 12 years to life imprisonment, depending on the jurisdiction and aggravating factors” (12).
Aug. 10, 2026, 9:14 p.m.
Countries: Canada
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized as sexual assault the rape of women or men. The law defined sexual assault as an assault committed in circumstances of a sexual nature such that the sexual integrity of the victim was violated. It did not specify types or perpetrators of rape, although these would reasonably apply to spousal rape, domestic or intimate partner rape, so-called corrective rape of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons, and other forms of domestic and sexual violence. The government enforced the law effectively” (12-13).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized as sexual assault the rape of women or men. The law defined sexual assault as an assault committed in circumstances of a sexual nature such that the sexual integrity of the victim was violated. It did not specify types or perpetrators of rape, although these would reasonably apply to spousal rape, domestic or intimate partner rape, so-called corrective rape of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons, and other forms of domestic and sexual violence. The government enforced the law effectively” (12-13).
Aug. 10, 2026, 8:23 p.m.
Countries: Cameroon
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1
“The law criminalized rape but did not specify whether it applied to both women and men. The law did not address spousal rape. Penalties for conviction ranged from five to 10 years’ imprisonment. The law was not enforced effectively, and police and courts rarely investigated or prosecuted rape cases, especially since survivors often did not report them. Members of the Cameroonian Bar Association attributed a lack of enforcement of gender-based violence laws in part to the expense and limited availability of rape kits and emergency medical care, which they claimed made it difficult to prosecute cases” (34).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1
“The law criminalized rape but did not specify whether it applied to both women and men. The law did not address spousal rape. Penalties for conviction ranged from five to 10 years’ imprisonment. The law was not enforced effectively, and police and courts rarely investigated or prosecuted rape cases, especially since survivors often did not report them. Members of the Cameroonian Bar Association attributed a lack of enforcement of gender-based violence laws in part to the expense and limited availability of rape kits and emergency medical care, which they claimed made it difficult to prosecute cases” (34).
Aug. 10, 2026, 8:09 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-1, DV-LAW-1
“The law criminalized rape (including of men), spousal and domestic or intimate partner rape, and in some cases domestic violence. The penalty for rape was five to 30 years’ imprisonment” (30).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-1, DV-LAW-1
“The law criminalized rape (including of men), spousal and domestic or intimate partner rape, and in some cases domestic violence. The penalty for rape was five to 30 years’ imprisonment” (30).
Aug. 9, 2026, 7:13 p.m.
Countries: Burundi
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape and Domestic Violence: The law prohibited rape against women and men, including spousal rape, with penalties of up to 30 years’ imprisonment” (40).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape and Domestic Violence: The law prohibited rape against women and men, including spousal rape, with penalties of up to 30 years’ imprisonment” (40).
Aug. 9, 2026, 7:11 p.m.
Countries: Burundi
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, BR-PRACTICE-1
"At the end of the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence campaign (25 November–10 December 2025), the Movement of Women and Girls for Peace and Security in Burundi (MFFPS) and the World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT) have published a report revealing more than 200 serious human rights violations in Burundi between December 2024 and October 2025, 70% of which were gender-based violence affecting women and children. The most alarming facts include an increase in sexual violence, femicide and infanticide, as well as violence committed by state agents" (4).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, BR-PRACTICE-1
"At the end of the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence campaign (25 November–10 December 2025), the Movement of Women and Girls for Peace and Security in Burundi (MFFPS) and the World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT) have published a report revealing more than 200 serious human rights violations in Burundi between December 2024 and October 2025, 70% of which were gender-based violence affecting women and children. The most alarming facts include an increase in sexual violence, femicide and infanticide, as well as violence committed by state agents" (4).
Aug. 9, 2026, 6:51 p.m.
Countries: Azerbaijan
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
“Rape and Domestic Violence: Rape is illegal and carries a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. Spousal rape is also illegal, but observers stated police did not effectively investigate such claims” (1)
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
“Rape and Domestic Violence: Rape is illegal and carries a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. Spousal rape is also illegal, but observers stated police did not effectively investigate such claims” (1)
July 28, 2026, 5:31 p.m.
Countries: Japan
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Under current law, child sexual abuse material is generally prosecuted under Japan’s Child Pornography Law. But critics say gaps remain—the law only applies when a child’s genitalia is visible, meaning some forms of sexual abuse content can fall outside its scope. Experts told CNN these loopholes can result in significantly lighter penalties for offenders" (para 23). "Japan is also rolling out a new sex offender registry that allows employers in child-facing professions, such as schools, to check whether prospective employees have been convicted of child sexual abuse offenses. But unlike the United States, the public can’t access this database" (para 24).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Under current law, child sexual abuse material is generally prosecuted under Japan’s Child Pornography Law. But critics say gaps remain—the law only applies when a child’s genitalia is visible, meaning some forms of sexual abuse content can fall outside its scope. Experts told CNN these loopholes can result in significantly lighter penalties for offenders" (para 23). "Japan is also rolling out a new sex offender registry that allows employers in child-facing professions, such as schools, to check whether prospective employees have been convicted of child sexual abuse offenses. But unlike the United States, the public can’t access this database" (para 24).
July 22, 2026, 1:11 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2
“‘The crime committed yesterday against the president of Mexico not only violated her safety, integrity, and dignity, it is called sexual abuse and must be considered a serious crime throughout the country,’ said Laura Itzel Castillo, another Morena senator. ‘In the coming days, we will meet with the equality commissions across the country to review our legislative agendas and make significant progress in the prevention, response to, and punishment of all forms of violence against women’” (para 19-20).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2
“‘The crime committed yesterday against the president of Mexico not only violated her safety, integrity, and dignity, it is called sexual abuse and must be considered a serious crime throughout the country,’ said Laura Itzel Castillo, another Morena senator. ‘In the coming days, we will meet with the equality commissions across the country to review our legislative agendas and make significant progress in the prevention, response to, and punishment of all forms of violence against women’” (para 19-20).
July 13, 2026, 7:06 p.m.
Countries: Norway
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, RISW-PRACTICE-1
"Norway’s new consent laws, which came into effect last year, criminalise sex without explicit consent, meaning prosecutors don’t need to prove violence or threats or the incapacity of the victim to resist to get a rape conviction…" (para 9).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, RISW-PRACTICE-1
"Norway’s new consent laws, which came into effect last year, criminalise sex without explicit consent, meaning prosecutors don’t need to prove violence or threats or the incapacity of the victim to resist to get a rape conviction…" (para 9).
June 27, 2026, 11:07 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2, DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"Rape of women and men was illegal but remained a significant problem, as the regime did not enforce the law effectively and reports emerged of sexual abuse of women in prisons by security guards. Rape of a woman outside of marriage carried a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison. Spousal rape was not a crime unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage (which could vary according to ethnicity or religion), the penalty for which was a maximum of two years in prison" (41-42).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2, DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"Rape of women and men was illegal but remained a significant problem, as the regime did not enforce the law effectively and reports emerged of sexual abuse of women in prisons by security guards. Rape of a woman outside of marriage carried a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison. Spousal rape was not a crime unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage (which could vary according to ethnicity or religion), the penalty for which was a maximum of two years in prison" (41-42).
June 26, 2026, 6:59 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape without specifying gender but did not recognize spousal rape as a crime" (15).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape without specifying gender but did not recognize spousal rape as a crime" (15).
June 26, 2026, 6:40 p.m.
Countries: Brazil
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2
"Law 12.015 of 2009 defines rape as 'forcing a person, through violence or serious threat, to have sexual intercourse, perform a sexual act, or allow a sexual act to be performed on them,' punishable by up to 10 years in prison" (para 2).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2
"Law 12.015 of 2009 defines rape as 'forcing a person, through violence or serious threat, to have sexual intercourse, perform a sexual act, or allow a sexual act to be performed on them,' punishable by up to 10 years in prison" (para 2).
June 25, 2026, 3:55 p.m.
Countries: Burkina Faso
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2
"According to the penal code, rape of any person was punishable by a prison sentence of seven to 20 years, or 10 to 21 years in case of aggravated circumstances such as causing mutilation or handicap, and a substantial monetary fine when committed against a person age 13 or older. The penalty was 11 to 30 years in prison and higher monetary fines when the survivor was younger than 13. The government generally enforced the law" (32-33).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2
"According to the penal code, rape of any person was punishable by a prison sentence of seven to 20 years, or 10 to 21 years in case of aggravated circumstances such as causing mutilation or handicap, and a substantial monetary fine when committed against a person age 13 or older. The penalty was 11 to 30 years in prison and higher monetary fines when the survivor was younger than 13. The government generally enforced the law" (32-33).
June 25, 2026, 3:20 p.m.
Countries: Burkina Faso
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Moreover, the legal definition of rape under Article 533-10 of Law No. 025-2018/AN (Penal Code) is not grounded on the absence of consent, but rather on the presence of violence, coercion, threat, or surprise6. This means that the law does not explicitly criminalise non-consensual sex in situations where coercive elements are not present, thus limiting the scope of protection for survivors of sexual violence" (7).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Moreover, the legal definition of rape under Article 533-10 of Law No. 025-2018/AN (Penal Code) is not grounded on the absence of consent, but rather on the presence of violence, coercion, threat, or surprise6. This means that the law does not explicitly criminalise non-consensual sex in situations where coercive elements are not present, thus limiting the scope of protection for survivors of sexual violence" (7).
June 25, 2026, 12:37 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Secular law stipulated imprisonment from eight to 30 years plus caning with a minimum of 12 strokes as punishment for rape. The SPC provided stoning to death as the maximum punishment for rape. The punishment of stoning was not imposed. The law did not criminalize rape against men or spousal rape and explicitly stated that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife was not rape if she was not younger than 14 (or 15 if ethnic Chinese)" (22-23).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Secular law stipulated imprisonment from eight to 30 years plus caning with a minimum of 12 strokes as punishment for rape. The SPC provided stoning to death as the maximum punishment for rape. The punishment of stoning was not imposed. The law did not criminalize rape against men or spousal rape and explicitly stated that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife was not rape if she was not younger than 14 (or 15 if ethnic Chinese)" (22-23).
June 24, 2026, 4:49 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Rape under Brunei Criminal Law is defined as sexual intercourse with a woman under the following circumstances: (a) against her will (b) against her consent (c) with her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her in fear of death or of hurt to herself or any other person (d) with her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband, and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is, or believes herself to be, lawfully married (e) with her consent when the man is in a position of trust or authority towards the woman or is...more
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Rape under Brunei Criminal Law is defined as sexual intercourse with a woman under the following circumstances: (a) against her will (b) against her consent (c) with her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her in fear of death or of hurt to herself or any other person (d) with her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband, and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is, or believes herself to be, lawfully married (e) with her consent when the man is in a position of trust or authority towards the woman or is...more
June 24, 2026, 3:59 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Botswana: Incomprehensive definition of consent: The Penal Code of 1964 does not provide a comprehensive definition of consent in the context of rape. Marital rape is not recognized by law as a criminal defense: It is neither an aggravating circumstance, nor is it explicitly criminalized. Procedural gaps when prosecuting rape: there is no comprehensive legislation for gender sensitive investigations of rape" (para 3-5).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Botswana: Incomprehensive definition of consent: The Penal Code of 1964 does not provide a comprehensive definition of consent in the context of rape. Marital rape is not recognized by law as a criminal defense: It is neither an aggravating circumstance, nor is it explicitly criminalized. Procedural gaps when prosecuting rape: there is no comprehensive legislation for gender sensitive investigations of rape" (para 3-5).
June 17, 2026, 10:29 a.m.
Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is starkly underreported and classified as a petty misdemeanour, carrying a maximum sentence of one year’s imprisonment, whereas rape outside of marriage is criminalized as a third-degree felony, which carries a higher prison sentence" (7).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is starkly underreported and classified as a petty misdemeanour, carrying a maximum sentence of one year’s imprisonment, whereas rape outside of marriage is criminalized as a third-degree felony, which carries a higher prison sentence" (7).
June 14, 2026, 1:45 p.m.
Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"In parallel with the offence of rape, the respective criminal codes also criminalise, inter alia, sexual intercourse with a helpless person, sexual intercourse by abuse of position, sexual abuse of a child and sexual blackmail/forced sexual intercourse. In these offences, in light of the victim’s vulnerability – due to their age, dependent or subordinate position or disability – coercion, threats or violence are not a constituent element of the crime. At the same time, while the offence of rape without any aggravating circumstance carries a prison term of three to 10 years in Republika Srpska and Brčko District and one year to 10 years in the Federation of Bosnia and...more
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"In parallel with the offence of rape, the respective criminal codes also criminalise, inter alia, sexual intercourse with a helpless person, sexual intercourse by abuse of position, sexual abuse of a child and sexual blackmail/forced sexual intercourse. In these offences, in light of the victim’s vulnerability – due to their age, dependent or subordinate position or disability – coercion, threats or violence are not a constituent element of the crime. At the same time, while the offence of rape without any aggravating circumstance carries a prison term of three to 10 years in Republika Srpska and Brčko District and one year to 10 years in the Federation of Bosnia and...more
June 14, 2026, 1:27 p.m.
Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"... [I]n the last two decades both entities [Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina] have introduced provisions in their Criminal Procedure Codes that prohibit referring to the victim’s sexual conduct before the facts. The amendment introduced by the Republika Srpska is the next logical step, designed to avoid stigmatizing survivors" (para 6).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"... [I]n the last two decades both entities [Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina] have introduced provisions in their Criminal Procedure Codes that prohibit referring to the victim’s sexual conduct before the facts. The amendment introduced by the Republika Srpska is the next logical step, designed to avoid stigmatizing survivors" (para 6).
June 14, 2026, 1:14 p.m.
Countries: Benin
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"A new law, passed in December 2021, significantly strengthens protections against GBV. It expands the definition of GBV and increases or institutes criminal sentences for sexual harassment, rape, child and forced marriage, female genital mutilation, as well as teacher-student incidents" (para 9).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"A new law, passed in December 2021, significantly strengthens protections against GBV. It expands the definition of GBV and increases or institutes criminal sentences for sexual harassment, rape, child and forced marriage, female genital mutilation, as well as teacher-student incidents" (para 9).
June 14, 2026, 12:53 p.m.
Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"The law criminalized rape, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, and domestic and intimate partner violence. The maximum penalty for conviction of rape, including spousal rape, was 15 years in prison" (38).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"The law criminalized rape, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, and domestic and intimate partner violence. The maximum penalty for conviction of rape, including spousal rape, was 15 years in prison" (38).